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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION: TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND IN SITU CHARACTERIZATIONOF FLUID TRAPPING, ISOLATION, AND IMMOBILIZATIONIt is reasonable, therefore, to expect significant advances to occur in these fields in response toimproved understanding in:• Quantification of long-term storage capacity, leakage and uncertainties• Robust site selection criteria, workflows and improved risk assessment• Advanced injection and monitoring methodologies• Improved predictive hydrogeology, mineral resource exploitation, and soil andenvironmental remediation schemes• New insights for improved EOR and production efficiency138 Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:FLUID-INDUCED ROCK DEFORMATIONFLUID-INDUCED ROCK DEFORMATIONABSTRACTGeologic carbon sequestration presents scientific challenges associated with the large pressuretransients induced by CO 2 injection, which affect the thermal, mechanical, hydrological, andchemical state of subsurface volumes that span hundreds to thousands of km 3 . Accurateforecasting of the effects requires improved understanding of the coupled stress-strain and flowresponse to injection-induced pressure and hydrologic perturbations in multiphase-fluid saturatedsystems. Such effects manifest themselves as changes in rock properties at the centimeter scale,mechanical deformation with length scales that reach tens of kilometers, and modified regionalfluid flow. Improved understanding of rock hydromechanical properties over this range of scaleswould lead to more accurate geomechanical modeling of multiphase-fluid saturated systems,permit improved coupling of chemical, mechanical, and hydrological processes, and potentiallyprovide new theoretical constructs for understanding shallow crustal deformation.EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCommercial-scale carbon capture and geologic storage requires injecting large volumes ofimpure CO 2 into the shallow crust for many decades. The volumes will be enormous: to reduceannual global greenhouse gas emissions by one gigaton of carbon requires cumulative subsurfaceinjection that exceeds current global oil production. This injection program will produce verylarge pressure transients that will deform the shallow crust and possibly displace ambient fluidsover large regions, thereby modifying regional hydrology. For example, faults may be activatedand fractures formed or opened, seismicity may be induced, and groundwater quality might bedegraded. Consequently, understanding shallow crustal deformation and multiphase fluid flowdriven by commercial-scale CO 2 injection is a priority research need.Innovative research in this area should focus on improved understanding of multiscalegeomechanical processes in the shallow crust, but must also include explicit account of thedependent thermal, hydrological and geochemical processes. The fundamental goals are:• Improved understanding of coupled stress, strain, and flow response to injection-inducedpressure transients in multiphase-fluid saturated systems at all scales• Improved geomechanical modeling of multiphase-fluid saturated systems• Improved coupling of chemical, mechanical, and hydrologic process descriptions• Improved understanding of permeability evolution due to concomitant geomechanical andgeochemical processesThese improvements will directly impact technical programs in carbon capture and geologicstorage by providing advanced simulation capabilities and reservoir management tools, improvedmonitoring and verification techniques, and new inputs, constraints, and methodologies forhazard and risk evaluation. More broadly, these improvements would significantly impact ourability to model and monitor shallow crustal deformation caused by other perturbations, bothnatural and engineered.Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems 139
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TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
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INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
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PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
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PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
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PANEL REPORT: CHEMICAL MIGRATION PR
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PANEL REPORT: SUBSURFACE CHARACTERI
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PANEL REPORT: MODELING AND SIMULATI
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66 Basic Research Needs for Geoscie
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GRAND CHALLENGE: COMPUTATIONAL THER
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GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
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Page 102 and 103: GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
Page 110 and 111: GRAND CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF MULT
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Page 122 and 123: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
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Page 136 and 137: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC
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Page 160 and 161: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:BIOGEOC
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Page 170 and 171: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
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Page 174 and 175: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
Page 180 and 181: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
Page 182 and 183: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESChen, J., Hubbard, S., Pe
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
Page 190 and 191: REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
Page 192 and 193: REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
Page 194 and 195: REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
Page 196 and 197: REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
Page 198 and 199: REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
Page 200 and 201: REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
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AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
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APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES
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APPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMThursda
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Basic Research Needs for Geoscience
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APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
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