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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC IMAGING OF FLOW AND TRANSPORTFigure 40. Illustration of available tracers and the current “age gap” that exists in dating the age of fluids in geologicreservoirs. Courtesy of K. Solomon, University of Utah (personal communications). Modified from L.N. Plummer,USGS (personal communications; see also Plummer et al. 1993).The interaction of physical fields with fluid-filled rocksAdvances in the basic understanding of how physical fields (i.e., acoustic and electromagneticwaves) interact with subsurface materials and fluids are needed for better inversion ofgeophysical data. Seismic and electromagnetic data are rich in information, but the ability to mapthis geophysical information into physical, chemical and biological processes is hampered bygaps in understanding of how these fields interact with the subsurface. For example, the state ofstress in the subsurface changes the propagation of seismic signals, but the direct relationbetween the velocity and attenuation of seismic waves with the microscale properties of fluidfilledfractured rocks is poorly understood. The problem becomes more challenging whenincluding interactions of rock heterogeneity and fabric with pore fluid pressure and anisotropicstress fields. An improvement in the fundamental knowledge of how microscale responses tostress fields influences wave propagation needs to be developed and would enable inversion ofdata to determine the stress state in the field. Similar questions arise regarding seismic andelectromagnetic response to changes in temperature. Advanced experiments using, for example,X-ray spectroscopy, will improve understanding of the microscale physical properties thatcontrol geophysical responses. Links between many geophysical responses (e.g., seismicattenuation, travel time, compressive-to-shear-wave ratio, electrical and magnetic fields) androck/fluid properties have yet to be fully understood and exploited. Coupled models for flow128 Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC IMAGING OF FLOW AND TRANSPORTdynamics and imaging could be based on a common framework for waves, potential fields, andflow and transport in porous formations.SCIENTIFIC IMPACTSSubsurface science relies on local measurements of state variables (e.g., pressure, temperature,concentration) in heterogeneous media and models of that media that typically are notsufficiently constrained by the local measurements. As a result, the models are non-unique andconsidered more appropriate for hypothetical analysis than for bona fide prediction. In situ,multiscale measurement of state variables, flow, transport, fluid age and reaction rates woulddramatically improve both our understanding of subsurface fluid processes and our ability toproduce predictive models. Such measurement allows for a better understanding of fluid flowand dispersion of pollutants, deepens our understanding of fluid-rock interaction, and helpsaddress long-standing scientific questions concerning the details of reactive flow in porousmedia. Flow and reaction rates depend critically on the processes occurring at the microscale,and the proposed research therefore has implications for a better understanding of upscaling anddownscaling laws to govern the behavior of the subsurface. The diagnostic methods to bedeveloped will draw heavily on new research in physics, chemistry, biology, electronics, anddata networking; significant cross-fertilization in these fields can be expected, especially in thefield of micro/nanoscale structures.TECHNOLOGY IMPACTSDirect measurement of flow, transport, and reaction rates is highly valuable for improving thesiting, design, performance assessment, and management of geologic disposal sites. Suchimprovements result in better-supported performance assessments and a resulting increase inpolitical and public acceptance of geologic waste storage. Environmental remediation wouldbecome a much better defined process and hence more economical to perform. Also, improvedimaging techniques would result in enhanced recovery of energy resources.Better diagnostic tools are valuable for a wide range of problems that concern the behavior offluid-filled rocks. Potential spin-off can be expected for enhanced oil recovery, environmentalremediation, and optimizing the management of aquifers. Application can also be expected incivil engineering in the area of developing new underground infrastructure, or monitoring andmanaging the existing ageing underground infrastructure.Work on miniature instrumentation is expected to benefit, and benefit from, other work onmicro/nanotechnology and distributed sensor networks. Much of the work proposed here hasparallels in biology and medical technology. Additional value can be expected by carefullycoordinating these efforts.Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems 129
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TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
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INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
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PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
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PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
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PANEL REPORT: CHEMICAL MIGRATION PR
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PANEL REPORT: SUBSURFACE CHARACTERI
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PANEL REPORT: MODELING AND SIMULATI
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66 Basic Research Needs for Geoscie
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GRAND CHALLENGE: COMPUTATIONAL THER
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Page 92 and 93: GRAND CHALLENGE: COMPUTATIONAL THER
Page 94 and 95: GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
Page 110 and 111: GRAND CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF MULT
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Page 122 and 123: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
Page 128 and 129: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:NANOPAR
Page 136 and 137: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC
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Page 160 and 161: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:BIOGEOC
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Page 170 and 171: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 172 and 173: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 174 and 175: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
Page 180 and 181: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
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Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESChen, J., Hubbard, S., Pe
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
Page 190 and 191: REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
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REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
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REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
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REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
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REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
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REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
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AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
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APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES
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APPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMThursda
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Basic Research Needs for Geoscience
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APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
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