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APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES RESOURCE DOCUMENTMost nuclear materials disposal or isolation will occur within several hundred meters of thesurface, either within the zone of sediment and rock that are unsaturated by ground water, orwithin the sediment or rock that is fully saturated with ground water, but above any deepgeological aquifers. Again, in simplest terms, disposal of nuclear waste requires developingbetter understanding of chemical (radionuclides, metal corrosion products, and other wastederivedmaterials) migration processes within complex geological media outside the engineereddisposal system in case of leaks. The geological disposal approach provides a deep location toprevent human intrusion at some point in the future since isolation has to be maintained for manythousands of years. A critical scientific aspect is that the emplacement of the engineered disposalcanisters will occur in unpressured environments at depths that may communicate with theatmosphere and/or the hydrosphere if the engineered barriers are breached. Understanding thescientific basis for nuclear materials disposition will also contribute to challenges faced by DOEin its environmental cleanup mission.The scientific challenge for these two technologies is to build systems-level understanding thatcan provide unprecedented public safety margins. Systems-level understanding is ultimatelybased on knowledge of the systems’ components and processes at spatial scales ranging down tothe atomic level and time scales up to thousands of years. Scientific understanding today isadequate to begin to move forward with the proposed technologies, but it is our responsibility tocontinue research to provide the best possible implementation of these technologies over thesucceeding decades. Some uncertainties about the evolution of the isolation environments overthe long-term will remain, even in state-of-the-art designs. Thus, continuing improvements inunderstanding the chemical and physical changes to geological systems potentially will reducerisk and cost, and expand confidence in predicted performance.Success in reaching this new understanding will have a much broader impact on DOE’s appliedprograms than just in these two energy areas, because of the commonality of challenges diverseoffices face, for example in geothermal energy, oil and gas development, environmentalremediation and waste management. The improved understanding of the critical processesassociated with these two new energy technologies will be used to design advanced geochemical,hydrologic and geophysical measurement technologies, enhance our ability to predict andmonitor subsurface processes at a much higher resolution, and enable us to use measurementsand monitoring capabilities for verifying system behaviors.Appendix 1 • 2Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES RESOURCE DOCUMENTTable 1. Differences between geologic carbon sequestration and nuclear waste disposalGeologic Carbon Sequestration Nuclear Waste DisposalVolume Very large SmallLocal footprint Very large Very smallRegional footprint Many locations One locationLethality Very low Very highRisk over time Decreases over time Increases with timeOperators Industry GovernmentRegulatory Government mandate Government licenseReprocessing Highly unlikely In new technologiesPhysics No thermal anomaly No pressure anomalyChemistry Largely inert Highly reactiveMonitoring ±100 years >1000 yearsInitial liability Private industry GovernmentPublic opinion To be determined NegativeTable 2. Shared research activities for geologic carbon sequestration and nuclear waste disposalSite Characterization• Determine fracture geometry and transmissivity• Determine fracture-matrix interaction• Determine fault geometry and tortuosity• Determine geochemical conditions (mineralogy, fluid chemistry, reactive surface area)over range of scales• Predict relative permeability and bulk permeability fields• Evaluate uncertainty of subsurface parameter measurementsPredictive Modeling• Couple thermal, hydrological, chemical, mechanical and biological processes• Upscale and downscale processes over space and time• Propagate uncertainty• Calibration and boundary conditioning• Validation methodsMonitoring• Develop robust sensors to monitor subsurface conditions• Multivariate inversion of data for parameter estimation• Proxy data interpretation• Rapid interpretation and recursion of monitoring resultsSubsurface Engineering• Determine perturbation of natural systems• Characterize interfaces between natural and engineered systems• Optimize natural and engineered systems• Determine effect of engineered system on fluid flowBasic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems Appendix 1 • 3
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TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
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INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
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PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
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PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
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GRAND CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF MULT
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:NANOPAR
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION: TRANSP
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Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESChen, J., Hubbard, S., Pe
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
Page 190 and 191: REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
Page 192 and 193: REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
Page 194 and 195: REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
Page 196 and 197: REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
Page 198 and 199: REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
Page 200 and 201: REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
Page 202 and 203: AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
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APPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMThursda
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APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
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