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EFFECTIVENESS OF MODULAR TRAINING AT FARMERS’TRAINING CENTER: THE CASE OF FOGERA DISTRICT, SOUTHGONDAR, ETHIOPIA.ABSTRACTSubsistence farming, climatic change, environmental degradation and low adult literacy ratioare problems of livelihoods. To increase productivity and alleviate poverty in rural areas,farmers need to have training to improve knowledge, attitudes and skills on better farmingpractices. Attending modular training might lead farmers to produce market orientedcommodities. Such trainings are offered in the Farmers’ Training Centers, which are beingfunctional at Peasant Association level throughout Ethiopia. The objectives of the study wereto analyze whether modular training addresses the knowledge gap of the farmers and enablethem to use the acquired knowledge; institutional linkages and positive deviances of FTCs inperformance and their contributions. A total of 120 respondents were selected. Interviewschedules, focused group discussions, key informant interviews, personal observations andcase studies were conducted for quantitative and qualitative data collection. RAAKS tools,SWOT analysis, Likert scale and teacher-made-test tools were also employed. The data wereanalyzed using descriptive statistical tools like, percentage, frequencies, chi-square and t-test.The result of the study revealed that, in the study area, Fogera, 7 PAs had delivered modulartrainings. Even though, the training time and season was sufficient and convenient, lessparticipation of females and being more theoretical and lecture type of methodology of thetraining were the major deficiencies. But trained farmers acquired better knowledge, skill,and attitude significantly than untrained farmers. Actors have been identified with differentintensity of linkages. Many development actors assessed as strong, medium, weak and nolinkage among and between them. The study indicated that, it requires enhancing the linkageof actors and their roles involved in training system. There are actors missed to support andintegrate FTCs such as, Fogera Wet-land project, GTZ, CARE, private investors, researchcenters and ORDA. Positive deviances of FTCs were assessed, and found that there were noas such significant deviations documented at FTC level. Case studies and key informantsrevealed that, there are individual smallholder farmers who could perform and emerge betterthan the others as positive deviants and raised their level of living that could be scaled-up.xv
1. INTRODUCTION1.1. Background of the StudyEthiopia is one of the largest countries in Africa both in terms of land area of 1.2 millionsquare km and with a population of 73.9 million; and it is predominantly an agrarian countrywith the vast majority of its population directly or indirectly being involved in crop andlivestock production. More than 83.8% of population is living at rural areas engaging inagriculture for its livelihoods (MoFED, 2009). Hence, agriculture plays a vital role inEthiopian economy which accounts for about 47% GDP and 80% of export earnings(MoARD, 2009).Available evidences indicate that peasant agriculture in Ethiopia is characterized bysubsistence farming system using backward traditional farm tools and farming practices, withlow productivity that unable to produce sufficient amount of food for the country’s rapidlygrowing population. Various factors can be cited for slow growth of agriculture such as thetrend of conventional farming system as a result of poor extension service coupled withclimatic change, reduced soil fertility, recurrent and prolonged drought periods, weakagricultural research base, inadequate financial service, poor infrastructure and marketservice, environmental degradation (population growth, deforestation, pollution, depletion ofozone layer, destruction of biodiversity, decline of water resources, inappropriate chemicalutilization),and fragmentation of land holdings (EPLAUA,2008). Furthermore, lack ofimproved technologies, low adult literacy ratio and inappropriate training system had beencontributed for slow growth of agriculture (BoARD and SWHISA, 2006; Taddesse, 2007).Ethiopian development policy and strategy document had given credence to differenteconomical, social, political and institutional arrangements including building capacityprogram to strengthen local institutions and organizations so as to reduce the bottleneck ofdevelopment. Government plan shows that, 25 Technical Vocational and Education TrainingColleges had been established at the beginning of 2000 with the main objective of creatingand developing human resource and institutional capacity that will have beneficial impact onmedium and long term objectives of the country (Habtemariam,2007). About 18 thousand1
Page 1 and 2: EFFECTIVENESS OF MODULAR TRAINING A
Page 3 and 4: SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIESHARAMAYA
Page 5 and 6: STATEMENT OF AUTHORFirst of all, I
Page 7 and 8: ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)RAAKSSGSWH
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGMENTFirst and foremost le
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)2.5. E
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLESTablepageTable 1. Est
Page 15: LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIXAppen
Page 19 and 20: since 2004 in Ethiopia. Farmers wer
Page 21 and 22: undertaken. If institutions focused
Page 23 and 24: panel discussion, conference, exper
Page 25 and 26: 2. LITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter
Page 27 and 28: Figure1. Four Stages of the TIER Mo
Page 29 and 30: Level 1: Reactions: At this level,
Page 31 and 32: In 1963, agricultural extension was
Page 33 and 34: stated objectives which involves co
Page 35 and 36: trainees’ farm cooperation and co
Page 37 and 38: Modular training was supposed to gi
Page 39 and 40: achievement of a corporation purpos
Page 41 and 42: e examined, defined and described b
Page 43 and 44: FTCs are expected to play active ro
Page 45 and 46: deficient in training skills, espec
Page 47 and 48: 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn this chap
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4. Map of the study Area (Fo
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.2. Sample size and sampling pro
Page 53 and 54: 3.2.3. Types and sources of dataTo
Page 55 and 56: 3.2.5. Method of data analysisBased
Page 57 and 58: Table 4: Profiles of respondentsNo
Page 59 and 60: The data in the Table reveal that t
Page 61 and 62: 4.1.3.3. Delivery of modular traini
Page 63 and 64: also have not participated with ful
Page 65 and 66: Table 8: Knowledge test of sample h
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4.2.2. PracticePractice was operati
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The responses of farmers were categ
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system. Actors’ interactions can
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FTCs and this project supports only
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4.3.5. Actor linkage matrixActor li
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According to actor linkage matrix;
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followed by projects, NGOs and rese
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may have access for information abo
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4.5.3. Lessons learned from better
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SWOT AnalysisStrength, Weakness, Op
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Opportunities• Participatory plan
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Practice was assessed based on trai
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with communication media, articles,
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BoARD and SWHISA (Bureau of Agricul
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IPMS (Improving Productivity and Ma
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Taddesse Mulugeta, 2007. Rural wate
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Appendix Table 1. Category of train
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Appendix Table 5: Extent of linkage
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3.2. What do you think about the ti
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4.5 Practice (Indicate whether you
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