effectiveness of modular training at farmers - IPMS Information ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2.7.1. Types of linkage mechanismsJoint planning and review process, collaborative of professional activities, resource allocationprocedures and communication device are types of linkage mechanisms. Innovationdeveloped without the involvement of farmer has little chance to achieve the actual needs offarmers. Since, 1980s onwards rural development program, farmers participatory research,participatory learning action, participatory technology development, participatory ruralappraisal, rapid rural appraisal and recently client oriented research, farmer research groups,farmer field school and farmer extension group are used (BoARD and SWHISA, 2006).Institutional linkage between FTCs, farmers or groups and different institutions in agriculturalsector including rural micro-finance credit institutions, cooperatives, research centers, healthclinics, schools, private traders, and entrepreneurs can contribute to give technical, financialand institutional assistances. Institutions have important roles for farming communities. Theydeliver rules and regulations that can understand the cultural set up of people and strengthencommunity-based organizations. Institutions can have roles in quality control, pollutionregulation, influence human behavior, reduce risk and uncertainty by establishing stablestructure and build resilience to shocks that minimize transaction costs and addressingexternalities (Ellis, 1999).2.7.2. Roles of actors and stakeholdersActor is a role that a system in the environment plays during an interaction with in our system(David, 2002). Actors are all those people who have a stake or share in a particular issue orsystem. Actors can be at any level or position in a society from the international to thenational, regional, household or intra-household level. Actors include all those who affect andare affected by policies, decisions or actions within a particular system (Eshetu, 2008).Stakeholder is a person, group, organization, or a system that affects or can be affected by anorganizational action (Cameron et al., 2003). Stakeholder is a person who holds the stake orstakes in a bet. It is any group or individual, who can affect, or it is affected by, the22
achievement of a corporation purpose (Ramirez, 2001). Stakeholders are persons or groupswho are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests ina project and/or the ability to influence its outcome either positively or negatively. These mayinclude individuals, communities, formal and informal representatives, authorities, politicians,religious leaders, civil society organizations and others.2.7.3. Knowledge and information sharingKnowledge is defined as the combination of data and information to which is added expertopinion, skills and experiences (Ermias, 2006). Knowledge sharing is the process of anactivity through which knowledge (i.e. information, skill or experience) is exchanged amongpeople, friends or members of a family, a community or an organization. Knowledge sharingactivities are supported by knowledge management systems. If knowledge is not shared,negative consequences such as isolation and resistance to ideas occur (Gruber, 1993). Thereare four knowledge types:Embrained knowledge: It is Conceptual skills and cognitive abilities. It is also practical andhigh level type of knowledge. The second type of knowledge is Embodied knowledge. It isan action oriented and consists of contextual practices, social acquisitions and non explicittype of knowledge. The third type of knowledge is Encultured knowledge. It is the process ofachieving shared understandings through socialization and acculturation. The fourthknowledge type is Encoded knowledge. Information is conveyed in signs and symbols andde-contextualized into codes of practice. It deals more with transmission, storage andintegration of knowledge. Knowledge can be transfer from one part to another part(s) of anindividual or organization.Information sharing: information is fact or understood data while knowledge is flexible andadaptable skills, a person’s unique ability to apply it. Knowledge is tacit and personal, theknowledge one person has difficulty to quantify, store, and retrieve for someone else to use.Specifically, for knowledge to be made explicit, it must be translated into information.Hence, information sharing referred to one-to-one exchange of data between a sender and23
Page 1 and 2: EFFECTIVENESS OF MODULAR TRAINING A
Page 3 and 4: SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIESHARAMAYA
Page 5 and 6: STATEMENT OF AUTHORFirst of all, I
Page 7 and 8: ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)RAAKSSGSWH
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGMENTFirst and foremost le
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)2.5. E
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLESTablepageTable 1. Est
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIXAppen
Page 17 and 18: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. Background of t
Page 19 and 20: since 2004 in Ethiopia. Farmers wer
Page 21 and 22: undertaken. If institutions focused
Page 23 and 24: panel discussion, conference, exper
Page 25 and 26: 2. LITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter
Page 27 and 28: Figure1. Four Stages of the TIER Mo
Page 29 and 30: Level 1: Reactions: At this level,
Page 31 and 32: In 1963, agricultural extension was
Page 33 and 34: stated objectives which involves co
Page 35 and 36: trainees’ farm cooperation and co
Page 37: Modular training was supposed to gi
Page 41 and 42: e examined, defined and described b
Page 43 and 44: FTCs are expected to play active ro
Page 45 and 46: deficient in training skills, espec
Page 47 and 48: 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn this chap
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4. Map of the study Area (Fo
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.2. Sample size and sampling pro
Page 53 and 54: 3.2.3. Types and sources of dataTo
Page 55 and 56: 3.2.5. Method of data analysisBased
Page 57 and 58: Table 4: Profiles of respondentsNo
Page 59 and 60: The data in the Table reveal that t
Page 61 and 62: 4.1.3.3. Delivery of modular traini
Page 63 and 64: also have not participated with ful
Page 65 and 66: Table 8: Knowledge test of sample h
Page 67 and 68: 4.2.2. PracticePractice was operati
Page 69 and 70: The responses of farmers were categ
Page 71 and 72: system. Actors’ interactions can
Page 73 and 74: FTCs and this project supports only
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.5. Actor linkage matrixActor li
Page 77 and 78: According to actor linkage matrix;
Page 79 and 80: followed by projects, NGOs and rese
Page 81 and 82: may have access for information abo
Page 83 and 84: 4.5.3. Lessons learned from better
Page 85 and 86: SWOT AnalysisStrength, Weakness, Op
Page 87 and 88: Opportunities• Participatory plan
Page 89 and 90:
Practice was assessed based on trai
Page 91 and 92:
with communication media, articles,
Page 93 and 94:
BoARD and SWHISA (Bureau of Agricul
Page 95 and 96:
IPMS (Improving Productivity and Ma
Page 97 and 98:
Taddesse Mulugeta, 2007. Rural wate
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix Table 1. Category of train
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix Table 5: Extent of linkage
Page 103 and 104:
3.2. What do you think about the ti
Page 105 and 106:
4.5 Practice (Indicate whether you
show all

effectiveness of modular training at farmers - IPMS Information ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?