PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

xiiCONTENTSIII APPLICATIONS 43518 Risk Assessment 437Robert C. James, D. Alan Warren, Christine Halmes, andStephen M. Roberts18.1 Risk Assessment Basics 43718.3 Exposure Assessment: Exposure Pathways and Resulting Dosages 44518.4 Dose–Response Assessment 44918.5 Risk Characterization 46018.6 Probabilistic Versus Deterministic Risk Assessments 46218.7 Evaluating Risk from Chemical Mixtures 46418.8 Comparative Risk Analysis 46818.9 Risk Communication 47218.10 Summary 474References and Suggested Reading 47519 Example of Risk Assessment Applications 479Alan C. Nye, Glenn C. Millner, Jay Gandy, and Phillip T. Goad19.1. Tiered Approach to Risk Assessment 47919.2. Risk Assessment Examples 48019.3. Lead Exposure and Women of Child-bearing Age 48119.4. Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Assessing Exposure and Risk to Mixtures 48319.5. Risk Assessment for Arsenic 48619.6. Reevaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks of Inhaled Antimony Trioxide 49019.7. Summary 496References and Suggested Reading 49720 Occupational and Environmental Health 499Fredric Gerr, Edward Galaid, and Howard Frumkin20.1 Definition and Scope of the Problem 49920.2 Characteristics of Occupational Illness 50220.3 Goals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50220.4 Human Resources Important to Occupational Health Practice 50320.5 Activities of the Occupational Health Provider 50320.6 Ethical Considerations 50720.7 Summary and Conclusion 508References and Suggested Reading 50921 Epidemiologic Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health 511Lora E. Fleming and Judy A. Bean21.1 A Brief History of Epidemiology 51121.2 Epidemiologic Causation 51221.3 Types of Epidemiologic Studies: Advantages and Disadvantages 51321.4 Exposure Issues 51421.5 Disease and Human Health Effects Issues 515