PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

544 CONTROLLING OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDSin Table 22.2. Of particular interest is that lack of training appeared to substantially increase exposurelevels.The urine results for each individual were evaluated for complete collection, and a predicted courseof elimination determined. The results from a typical individual are given in Figure 22.3. The marginof safety (MOS) was calculated from the biomonitoring data, as follows:MOS = 2.5 mg/kg⋅day × body weight (kg) ÷ dose from biomonitoring data (mg/day)The geometric means of the calculated margins of safety for each site are presented in Table 22.3.From these results, a number of recommendations were made. Work practices were institutedrequiring the use of a “nurse tank” to minimize the time and number of workers exposed to theconcentrated herbicide and the mix. Workers handling the concentrate were required to wear a glovethat had low permeability to the herbicide. Applicators were required to wear the same type of gloveswhile applying in the field and loading their backpacks. Workers were required to have a change ofclothing available to change into if their clothes became contaminated with the mix or concentrate. Itwas not clear that the wands provided greater protection than the gunjets since there was only a smalldifference between sites 1 and 2. The clearest difference between exposures were the sites themselves.Directed foliar application with backpacks should be done only when the height of the vegetation isgenerally less than 6 feet tall.Health Care FacilitiesIronically, the places we go to get well, hospitals, have many potential health hazards associated withthem. These includeFigure 22.3.