PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

168 DERMAL AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY• A person must first be sensitized to a chemical before allergic contact dermatitis can occur.Since allergic contact dermatitis is an immune reaction, minute quantities of allergen cantrigger the reaction, which makes management of future flare-ups difficult.• Urticaria may or may not occur through immunity related mechanisms. The ultimate triggerof the hives associated with urticaria is due to the release of histamine and vasoactive agentsfrom mast cells that are activated after chemical exposure.• Phototoxicity and photoallergy are similar to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, respectively.The difference is that the phototoxicant or photoallergen must be activated by exposureto UV light.• Skin cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer. Its main cause is exposure to UV light, butmany chemicals can induce cancerous lesions, too, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsand arsenic.• The main cause of eye toxicity in the workplace is due to chemicals that are splashed ontothe eye and cause corneal burns. Secondary events triggered by the burn can lead to furthercomplications such as glaucoma.REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGBradley, T., R. E. Brown, J. O. Kucan, E. C. Smoot, and J. Hussmann. “Toxic epidermal necrolysis: A review andreport of the successful use of biobrane for early wound coverage,” Ann. Plastic Surg. 35: 124–132 (1995).Goldstein, S. M., and B. U. Wintroub, Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to Medication, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore,1996.Grandjean, P., Skin Penetration: Hazardous Chemicals at Work, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1990.Haschek, W. M., and C. G. Rousseaux, Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Academic Press, San Diego, 1991.Hogan, D. J., “Review of contact dermatitis for non-dermatologists,” J. Florida Med. Assoc. 77: 663–666 (1990).Marzulli, F. N., and H. I. Maibach, Dermatotoxicology, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC, 1987.Potts, A. M., “ Toxic responses of the eye,” in Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5thed., C. D. Klaassen, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 583–615.Rice, R. H., and D. E. Cohen, “Toxic responses of the skin,” in Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Scienceof Poisons, 5th ed., C. D. Klaassen ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 529–546.Rietschel, R. L., “ Dermatotoxicity: Toxic effects in the skin,” in Industrial Toxicology: Safety and HealthApplications in the Workplace, P. L. Williams and J. L. Burson, eds., Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 1985,pp. 138–161.Taylor, J. S., and P. Praditsuwan, “ Latex allergy: Review of 44 cases including outcome and frequent associationwith allergic hand eczema,” Arch. Dermatol. 132: 265–271 (1996).Wang, R. G. M., J. B. Knaak, and H. I. Maiback, Health Risk Assessment: Dermal and Inhalation Exposure andAbsorption of Toxicants, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1993.Zug, K. A., and M. McKay, “Eczematous dermatitis: A practical review,” Am. Family Phys 54: 1243–1250 (1996).