PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

INDEX 597Probability density functions (PDF), probabilistic riskassessment, 463464Probit models, cancer risk assessment studies, 456Procarcinogens:defined, 268electrophilic theory, 272examples of, 276Process modification, control technologies forhazardous materials, 537-538Professional independence, in occupational health,508Proflavin, genetic alteration and 247Progression, cancer initiation and promotion, 270Promotion, of carcinogenesis, 269-272n-Propanol, toxicology, 383.-384Proportional mortality ratio (PMR), epidemiologicstudies, 5 18Prostaglandin H synthase (PHS), bladder structureand function, 134Protective equipment, control technologies forhazardous materials, 540-541Protein toxins:in flowering plants, 421-422in marine invertebrates, 429-430in sea anemones, 428-429Prothrombin time, hepatoxicity and, 125Protooncogenes:defined, 280-281encoded protein functions, 282Protoporphyrin, lead poisoning and 108Proximal tubule, structure and function, 132Proximate carcinogens:electrophilic theory, 272examples of, 276Pruritis, hepatoxicity and 124PutTerfish, venom toxicology in, 4255426Pulmonary defense, smoking and interference with,180Pulmonary edema:industrial-related disease mechanisms, 1833184pulmonotoxicity, gas exchange mechanisms, 173Pulmonotoxicity:air-pollutant gases, 180gas/vapor exposure, 1788179industrial-related disease mechanisms, 18 l-1 85airway irritation, 18 1allergic responses, 184asbestosis, 182emphysema, 183excess lung collagen, 182 -183fibrosis and pneumoconiosis, 18 1lung cancer, 185occupational asthma, 185occupational inhaled allergic disorders, 184pulmonary edema, 1833184silicosis, 182lung anatomy and physiology, 169-l 8 1clearance mechanisms, 176-178deposition mechanisms, 176gas exchange mechanisms, 172-- 174inhalation vs. ingestion, 174particle size measurements, 1755176particulates, 174-175sinus cavities, 170-171tracheobronchiolar region, 171-172upper airway, 169-l 70smoking, 180-l 8 1Putative carcinogenic mechanisms, antimonycarcinogenicity risks, 493494Pyrethrins:chemical structure, 354history of use, 346Pyrethroids. See Synthetic pyrethroidsPyrethrum, chemical structure, 354Pyridine compounds, toxicology, 405Radical compounds, sperm cell development, celltypespecific toxicity, 214Radioactive materials, lung cancer and, 185Radiomimetic compounds, carcinogenicity, 273Rate difference, epidemiologic studies, 5 17Ratio ratio, epidemiologic studies, 5 17Reactive intermediates:enzymatic generation, 84-85toxicant classification, 83-85Real-time analysis, occupational health hazardscontrol, 536Reasonable maximal exposure (RME) levels:arsenic risk assessment studies, 487488deterministic risk assessment, 462Receptor antagonists:natural venoms and toxin neurotoxicity, 413neurotransmitter inhibitors, 15 1Receptors, natural venoms and toxin neurotoxicity,411413Recognition of hazardous effects, occupational healthhazards control and, 532-533Red blood cells (RBCs):aromatic amine exposure and 100-I 0 1autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 101growth and development, 91-92oxygen transport impairment, 95-97hemoglobin structure, 95-96hypoxia, 96-97toxic agents, 1055106cyanide poisoning, 105hydrogen sulfide, 1055106Reductive metabolism, biotransformation, 71-72Reference dose (RtD):risk assessment studies, 4488449arsenic risk assessment, 487490petroleum hydrocarbons exposure and risk,484486Safe Human Dose (SHD) calculations, 29Regulatory issues:organophosphateicarbamate pesticides, 351-352risk assessment, conservatism issue, 439440