PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

186 PULMONOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS IN THE LUNG• Alveolar macrophagesMany industrial toxins are encountered as particulates, which undergo characteristic deposition incertain regions of the respiratory system according to various physicochemical processes. The speedand mechanism by which particulates are cleared from the various respiratory regions vary significantly.Industrial chemicals that are inhaled as gases and vapors are often taken up very rapidly, andthe effects in workers can be substantial, both in the lung and at distant sites.Inhaled industrial toxins exert toxicity by several distinct physiological mechanisms, which havehistorically led to many deleterious disease states in workers. Specific mechanisms of respiratoryrelatedtoxicity include• Irritation of respiratory airways• Fibrosis and pneumoconiosis• Pulmonary edema• Respiratory allergic responses• Lung cancerSome inhaled agents exert toxic effects by more than one mechanism, and many workers may sufferfrom more than one lung-related disease condition. Potential interactions between different inhaledtoxins, especially tobacco smoke and various industrial chemicals, pose an additional threat. There isa tremendous potential for inhalation exposure to toxic chemicals in the workplace; therefore, workersmust be monitored thoroughly by vigorous programs in industrial hygiene, environmental monitoring,occupational physicals, and toxicology.REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGChurch, D. F., and W. A. Pryor, “ The oxidative stress placed on the lung by cigarette smoke,” in The Lung, Vol II,R. G. Crystal, J. B. West, P. J. Barres, et al., eds., Raven Press, New York, 1991, pp. 1975–1979.Dosman, J. A., and D. J. Cotton, eds., Occupational Pulmonary Disease. Focus on Grain Dust and Health, AcademicPress, New York, 1980.Duffell, G. M., “Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic effects in the lung,” in Industrial Toxicology, 1st ed., P. L. Williams, andJ. L. Burson, eds., Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 1985.Ebert, R. V., and M. J. Terracio, “The bronchiolar epithelium in cigarette smokers,” Am. Rev. Resp. Disease 111:6 (1975).Fenn, W. O., and H. Rahn, Handbook of Physiology, American Physiology Society, Washington, D.C., 1964.Frazier, C. A., ed., Occupational Asthma, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 1980.Guyton, A. V., Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1991.Hahn, F. F., “Carcinogenic responses of the lung to inhaled materials,” in Concepts in Inhalation Toxicology, R.O. McClellan, R. F. Henderson, eds., Hemisphere, New York, 1989, pp. 313–346.Hatch, T., and P. Gross, Pulmonary Deposition and Retention of Inhaled Aerosols, Academic Press, New York,1964.Lippmann, M., “Biophysical factors affecting fiber toxicity,” in Fiber Toxicology, D. B. Wahrheit, ed., AcademicPress, San Diego, 1993, pp. 259–303.Mauderly, J. L., “ Effects of Inhaled Toxicants on Pulmonary Function,” in Concepts in Inhalation Toxicology, R.O. McClellan, and R. F. Henderson, eds., Hemisphere, New York, 1989, pp. 347–402.McClellan, R. O., and R. F. Henderson, eds., Concepts in Inhalation Toxicology, Hemisphere, New York, 1989.Menzel, D. B., and M. O. Amdur, “Toxic responses of the respiratory system,” in Doull’s Toxicology: The BasicScience of Poisons, 3rd ed., Macmillan, New York, 1986.Morgan, W. K. C., and A. Seaton, eds., Occupational Lung Diseases. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1975.Morrow, P. E., “ Dust overloading in the lungs: Update and appraisal,” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 113: 1–12 (1992).