PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

596 INDEXPesticides (continued)Petroleum hydrocarbons, exposure and riskassessment studies, 483-486p53 gene:apoptosis, 2866289cell life and death and, 284short-term cancer bioassays, 291.-292Phagocytosis, membrane transport of toxic agents, 41Pharmacokinetics:metals, 328-33 1absorption and distribution, 328dermal exposure, 329-330excretion, 330-33 1inhalation, 328-329metabolism and storage, 330oral ingestion, 329natural toxins and venoms, 43 1organochlorine insectides, 352Phenols:nephrotoxicity, 141toxicology, 384-385Phenylacetic acid conjugation, in primates,physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models,50 -51Phenytoin, fetal hydantoin syndrome and 229pH levels:nephrotoxicity measurement, 137toxic agent absorption, gastrointestinal tract,4243Phosgene, pulmonary edema and, 183-l 84Phospholipasc A, hymenoptera toxicology, 427Phosphoslipidosis, fatty liver, 1213’-Phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate (PAPS)cofactor, biotransformation reactions, 72Photosensitivity, dermal toxicity 1644165Phthalates:ester compounds, toxicology, 390male reproductive toxicology, 2 13Sertoli cell specificity, 2 15spontaneous abortion and, 227Physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models:risk assessment studies:dose metrics, 460dose-response relationships, 454exposure pathways and dosages, 449toxic agent distribution, 49-5 1Phytoestrogens, endocrine disruption research,232 -235Pigment disturbances, dermal toxicity, 164Pigment-induced nephropathy, nephrotoxic agents,141Pinocytosis, membrane transport of toxic agents, 41Piperidine alkaloids, fire ant venom, 427Pit vipers, venom toxicology, 423424Placental cord blood sampling, mutagenicity testing,254Plant assays, mutagenicity testing with, 253Plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay, animal models ofimmunotoxicity, 1988199Plasma membrane, hepatocellular degeneration anddeath, 116Platelets:aggregation mechanisms, 93formation of, 92-93Pneumoconiosis, industrial-related exposure, 18 1Pneumonitis, beryllium exposure, 337-338Point mutations:chromosomes, 250.-251genetic alteration and 246-247mechanisms of, 25 1Poison ivy, contact dermatitis, 422--423Poisons, defined, 409Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs):endocrine disruption research, 2333235male reproductive toxicology and 217toxic equivalency factors (TEF) relative to dioxin,466Polychlorinated dibenzofmans (PCDFs), endocrinedisruption research, 233-235Polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins, immunotoxicity,202Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH):carcinogenicity, 274diet sources, 3 17developmental toxicology and, 230genetic alteration and 247skin cancer, 164toxic agents, 2 19toxicology, 381-382xenobiotic metabolism, enzyme activity, 75-76Polycythemia, erythropoietin inhibition, 88-90Polymorphism:carcinogenic agents, 3 13xenobiotic metabolism, human variations in, 80-8 1Population identification:epidemiologic studies, size as factor in, 520in epidemiologic studies, selection bias, 519-520epidemiologic studies and, 5 16risk assessment procedures, 440441Pores of Kohn, pulmonotoxicity, 173Porphyrins, toxicology of, 354Portals of entry, biotransformation sites, 62Portal triad, liver morphology, 1133114Portuguese man-o’-war, venom toxicology, 428429Positive cooperativity hemoglobin structure, 96Potassium ions, action potential mechanisms,1466147Potentiation, dose-response data and 24-26Pralidoxime, organophosphate/carbamate pesticidesexposure treatment, 351Pregnancy:female reproductive toxicology, 223lead exposure during, risk assessment of, 481.-483Prevalence data, epidemiologic studies, 5 16-5 17Primary carcinogens, defined, 268Primary irritants, contact dermatitis, 161Probabilistic risk assessment, vs. deterministic riskassessment, 462464