PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

INDEX 601Safe Human Dose (SHD) approach, 29Threshold Limit Values (TLVs):nephrotoxicity and 138occupational health hazards analysis, air sampling,536solvent exposure, 368Threshold modeling, risk assessment studies, doseresponserelationship, 449454Thrombocytes, formation of, 92-93Thrombocytopenia:defined, 90platelet toxicity, 93Time-to-tumor model, cancer risk assessment studies,456Time-weighted averages (TWA):occupational health hazards control, air samplingprocedures, 534-536solvent exposure, 368,372Tissue organization disruption:embryonic and fetal toxic responses and, 22%229solvent exposure, 374-375T-lymphocytes:allergic contact dermatitis, 161-162contact dermatitis, poison ivy and 423formation of, 94-95immunotoxicity, 190allergic reactions, 194clinical assessment, 196Toluene, toxicology of, 380.-381Toxic, defined 3Toxic agents:absorption mechanisms, 4145gastrointestinal tract, 4143lungs, 4345skin, 43disposition, distribution and elimination, 45-53biotransformation, 51excretion, 5 l-53kinetic models, 45-51membrane barrier transfer, 3741active transport, 4041facilitated diffusion, 40passive diffusion, 37-40safety and health professions, 35537foreign compound absorption and disposition,35-36target tissue significance, 36637Toxicants:defined 5nephrotoxicity and, 137.. 138reactive intermediate classification, 83-84Toxic dose (TD,,) levels, measurement of, 19.-20Toxic effects, risk assessment studies, animal studiesv&s. human response, 443445Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), dermal toxicity163Toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach, riskevaluation using, 466468Toxicity:data categories for, lo-14defined 3mechanisms, risk assessment studies, animal vs.human mechanisms, 444tests, components of, 9-l 1xenobiotic mechanisms of, 85Toxic oil syndrome, immunotoxic agents, 203Toxicological entity risk evaluation using, 465-468Toxicology:defined, 3general principles:animal studies, human exposure based on, 28-33definitions and terminology, 3-5descriptive toxicology, 27-28dose and dose-response relationship, 7-18dose-response curves, influences on, 22-27dose-response data applications, 18-20dose-response data misconceptions, 20-22research overview, 5-6Toxic organisms, toxin and venom therapy andidentification of, 430Toxins:defined, 5,409,432molecular and functional diversity, 4 104 11natural roles of, 411TPHCWG method, petroleum hydrocarbons exposureand risk studies, 484486Tracheobronchiolar region, pulmonotoxicity,171-172Training programs:carbon dioxide exposure studies, 549for occupational health practices, 506Transcription, genetic toxicology and, 241-244Transfer RNA (tRNA), genetic toxicology andtranscription and translation mechanisms,241-244Transgenic mouse assays:carcinogenic potential assessment, 291-292human differences and, 298-299mutagenicity assessment, 256Transitions, genetic toxicity and 247Translation, genetic toxicology and 241-244Transversions, genetic toxicity and 247Triazines, structure and properties, 358Trichloroethene (TCE):carcinogenicity, 376toxicology, 397Triglyceride conjugation, fatty liver, 121Tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), male reproductivetoxicology, Sertoli cell specificity, 2 15Triorthyl cresyl phosphate (TOCP), organophosphateinduceddelayed neuropathy (OPIDN),3499350Tubocurarine, toxicology of, 421Tubular secretion, kidney structure and function, 133Tumor cell heterogeneity, neoplastic progression, 270Tumorigenesis:DNA transcription and translation and, 244