PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

476 RISK ASSESSMENTBarnard, R. C., “Scientific method and risk assessment,” Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 19, 211–218 (1994).Barnes, D. G., G. P. Daston, J. S. Evans, A. M. Jarabek, R. J. Kavlock, C. A. Kimmel, C. Park, and H. L. Spitzer,“ Benchmark dose workshop: Criteria for use of a benchmark dose to estimate a reference dose,” Regul. Toxicol.Pharmacol. 21, 296–306 (1995).Center for Risk Analysis, A Historical Perspective on Risk Assessment in the Federal Government, Harvard Schoolof Public Health, Boston, 1994.Cohrssen, J. J., and V. T. Covell, Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health andEnvironmental Risks, Council on Environmental Quality, Office of the President, Washington DC, NTIS PB89-137772, 1989.Crump, K. S., “The linearized multistage model and the future of quantitative risk assessment,” Hum. Exp. Toxicol.15, 787–798 (1996).Cullen, A. C., and H. C. Frey, Probabilistic Techniques in Exposure Assessment. A Handbook for Dealing withVariability and Uncertainty in Models and Inputs, Plenum Press, New York, 1999.Fischhoff, B., “Risk perception and communication unplugged: Twenty years of process,” Risk Anal. 15, 137–145(1995).Gaylor, D. W., R. L. Kodell, J. J. Chen, and D. Krewski, “A unified approach to risk assessment for cancer andnoncancer endpoints based on benchmark doses and uncertainty/safety factors,” Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.29, 151–157 (1999).Lioy, P. J., “Analysis of total human exposure for exposure assessment: A multidisciplinary science for examininghuman contact with contaminants,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 938–945 (1990).McMahan, S., and J. Meyer, “Communication of risk information to workers and managers: Do industrial hygienistsdiffer in their communication techniques?” Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57(2), 186–190 (1996).Molak, V., in Fundamentals of Risk Analysis and Risk Management, V. Molek, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,1997.National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Understanding Risk. Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, NationalAcademy Press, Washington, DC, 1996.National Research Council (NRC), Drinking Water and Health, Vols. 1–9, National Academy Press, Washington,DC, 1977.National Research Council (NRC), Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, Committeeon the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health. Commission on Life Sciences, NationalAcademy Press, Washington, DC, 1983.National Research Council (NRC), Issues in Risk Assessment, Committee on Risk Assessment Methodology, Boardon Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington,DC, 1993.National Research Council (NRC), Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment, Committee on Risk Assessment ofHazardous Air Pollutants, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences,National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994.National Research Council (NRC), Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet, National Academy Press,Washington, DC, 1996.Needham, L. L., J. L. Pirkle, V. W. Burse, D. G. Patterso Jr., and J. S. Holler, “Case studies of relationship betweenexternal dose and internal dose,” J. Exposure Analysis Envir. Epidemiol. 1(Suppl), 209–221 (1992).Neil, N., T. Malmfors, and P. Slovic, “Intuitive toxicology: Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks,” Toxicol.Pathol. 22(2), 198–201 (1994).Office of Technology Assessment, Assessment of Technologies for Determining Cancer Risks from the Environment,Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C., June, 1981.Omenn, G. S., “ Genetic variation as a key parameter in risk assessment and risk communication: Policy aspects,”Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 395, 235–247 (1996).Poirier, M. C., “DNA adducts as exposure biomarkers and indicators of cancer risks,” Environ. Health Persp.105(Suppl. 4), 907–912 (1997).Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, Framework for EnvironmentalHealth Risk Management, Final Report, Vol. 1, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, Risk Assessment and RiskManagement in Regulatory Decision-Making, Final Report, Vol. 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.