PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

600 INDEXSolvents (continued)physicochemical properties, 368-370pyridine series toxicity, 405R-OH alcoholic compound toxicity, 3822383saturated alphatic solvent toxicity, alkanes,377-378simple alcohol compound toxicity, 383-384spontaneous abortion and 227structural principles, 368sulfur-substituted solvent toxicity, 4055407unsaturated alphatic solvent toxicity, olefins, 378Somatic mutation theory:chemical carcinogenesis, 269mutagenesis and, 240Source isolation procedures, control technologies forhazardous materials, 538Speciation of metals:biological factors, 328nonbiological factors, 327Specific immunity, immunotoxicity, 189Spermatogenesis, toxic susceptibility, 210-212Sperm cells:cell-type specific toxicity and development of,2133214endocrine disruption research and sperm cellcounts, 2333235Spermhead morphology assay, mutagenicity testing,255Spider venom, toxicology of, 427Sponges, venom toxicology in, 430Spontaneous abortion, developmental toxicology,225227Spontaneous mutations, genetic toxicology and240-241Standardized mortality ratio (SMR), epidemiologicstudies, 5 1775 18Standardized rate ratio (SRR), epidemiologic studies,517Staphylococcal alpha toxin, toxicology, 416Statistical analysis, occupational health hazardscontrol; air sampling procedures, 534.-536Steatosis, hepatotoxicity and 120-121Steroid hormones, male reproductive toxicology and217Sting rays, venom toxicology, 425Stonefish, venom toxicology, 425Storage mechanisms in body, metals exposure and330Study evaluation, risk assessment studies, animal vs.human information, 444-445Styrene, toxicology of, 380-38 1Subacute exposure, defined, 4Subcellular fractionation, xenobiotic metabolism, 64Subchronic exposure, defined, 4Sublinear cumulative dose-response curve, 17-18Substitution of chemicals, control technologies forhazardous materials, 537-538“Sufficiently similar” chemicals, risk evaluationusing, 4655468Sulfatases, sulfation biotransformation, 72-73Sulfation, biotransformation reactions, 72-73Sulfhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide poisoning and 106Sulfotransferases, sulfation biotransformation, 72-73Sulfur-substituted solvents, toxicology, 405407Sulfiuyl fluoride, toxicity, 362Supralinear cumulative dose-response curve, 17-l 8Surrogate chemical risk technique, petroleumhydrocarbons exposure and risk studies,4833486Surveillance activities, occupational health practiceand, 504-505Sweat, toxic agent excretion, 53Synapse, neurotoxic agents, 15 1Synergism:dose-response data and 24426endocrine disruption research and estrogensynergy, 234-235Synthetic pyrethroids, chemical structure, 354Systemic toxicity, defined, 4Talcum powder, antimony carcinogenicity riskscompared with, 492Target organ dose:carcinogenic@ studies, reliability of extrapolationin animal studies, 2999301defined, 4metals toxicity, 332petroleum hydrocarbons exposure and risk studies,4855486Target tissue, toxic agent absorption and distribution,36-37Tautomeric shifts, genetic toxicity and 247Teratogens:embryonic and fetal toxic responses and 228fetal alcohol sydrome, 230Tetanus poisoning, toxicology, 415416Tetracyclines, developmental toxicology of, 230Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), history of use, 346Tetrodotoxin:in fish venoms, 425mollusc venom and toxin toxicology, 428toxicology, 4 16Thalidomide:developmental toxicology and, 224tissue organization disruption, 228-229female reproductive toxicology, 223Thallium sulfate, toxicity, 360-361Therapeutic agents, nephrotoxicity of, 141-142Therapeutic dosages, medications, table of, 470Thiazoles, toxicology, 406407Thiocarbamates, structure and toxicity, 359Thiocyanate, cyanide poisoning and formation of,105Threshold distribution models, cancer risk assessmentstudies, 456459Threshold dose:cumulative dose-response curve, 16-17risk asscssmcnt studies, 4499454