PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

598 INDEXRelative potency factor (RPF), risk evaluation using,465468Renal clearance:schematic of, 130toxic agent excretion, 5 1-52Renal erythropoietic factor, nephrotoxicity and 134Renal plasma flow, nephrotoxicity measurement,136 -137Reproductive toxicology:chromium compounds, 339.-340developmental toxicology, 224-232diethylstilbestrol (DES) cancer endpoints,229.-230drug abuse and maternal nutrition, 230embryonic/fetal toxic response, 22X--231fetal hydantoin syndrome, 229human teratogens, 230methylmercury poisoning, 230-23 1spontaneous abortion and embryonic loss, 225,227-228tissue organization disruption, 228-229diethylstilbestrol (DES) toxicity and 2299230endocrine disruption, 232-235female reproductive toxicology, 222-223female reproductive system, 218-224hormonal regulation, 221-223oocyte toxicity, 219somatic ovarian and reproductive tract toxicity,219-221lead poisoning, 2355236toxicity mechanisms, 340~-341male reproductive system, 2 1 O-2 18cell-specific toxicity, 2133215direct/indirect toxicity modes, 212-213endocrine feedback and dysregulation, 217hormonal regulation, hypothalamic-pituitarygonadalaxis, 2 15-2 17Leydig cell toxicity, 215Sertoli cell toxicity, 214-215spermatogenesis susceptibility, 210-212sperm cell development, 2 13-2 14suspected toxicant list, 2 18Reptile venoms, toxicology, 423425Resorcinol, toxicology, 385Respirators, control technologies for hazardousmaterials, 540-541Response, defined, 9Response addition, risk evaluation using, 466468Restriction point, cell cycle, 285.-286Retinoblastoma (Rb) gene, discovery of, 284-285Retroviruses, oncogenes, 280-281Reversible toxicity, defined 4Right-to-know issues, occupational health hazardscontrol and, 53 1Risk:defined 5epidemiologic studies, measurement of associationor risk, 516-517Risk assessment:applications of:antimony trioxide carcinogenicity, 490496arsenic exposure, 486490lead exposure in child-bearing women, 481483petroleum hydrocarbons, exposure and riskassessment, 483486tiered approach, 479480applied toxicology research in, 6basic paradigms of, 438439carcinogenicity studies, 292-299administration routes and vehicle issues,295-296animal models, 2977299dietary and caloric restrictions, 296-297histopathological examination, 296maximally tolerated dose (MTD) levels,292-294number of doses tested 295chemical mixture risk assessment, 464-468comparative risk analysis, 468472defined 5,437dose-response assessment, 438,4499460dose metrics, 459460nonthreshold models, 455459threshold models, 4499454elements of, 438examples of, 480481exposure pathways and dosages, 439,445449hazard identification, 438, 442445animal studies, 443445epidemiologic studies and case reports, 443human health vs. ecological risk assessment,441442occupational carcinogens, 304-3 19alcohol, 3 15diet, 3 15-3 18iatrogenic cancer, 3 18-3 19lead-based paint case study, 549-552NTP table of suspected carcinogens, 3055307smoking, 3 13--3 15probabilistic vs. deterministic techniques, 462-464problem definition, 440441regulatory context of, 439440risk characterization techniques, 439,460462risk communication procedures, 4722474toxicology research, 6Risk characterization:defined, 438439procedures for, 460462Risk communication:occupational health hazards control and 530-53 1techniques and procedures, 472474Risk models, chemical leukemogenesis, 104RNA:genetic toxicology and transcription andtranslation mechanisms, 241-244oncogenes, 280-281point mutations and 249-250toxin/venom diversity and, 4 104 11