PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 155• Although much of the damage which may occur in the nervous system is irreversible, someprotective adaptations and redundancy of function exist, which sometimes makes predictingthe effects of neurotoxicant exposure less than straightforward.The chemicals cited in the sections above serve only as examples and are by no means a comprehensivelist of neurotoxic hazards in the workplace. In addition, their symptoms of exposure are often variedand may be attributed to several mechanisms of action, which makes categorizing them by effectsomewhat difficult. Recommended exposure limits for chemicals commonly encountered in anoccupational setting are published by various agencies in the United States, such as the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). In addition,several other countries have organizations with similar purposes. The publications of these groupsshould be consulted for specific recommended exposure levels of neurotoxic chemicals. Table 7.1presents a few of the more common industrial neurotoxicants, along with some general symptoms ofexposure and their primary sites of action.It should be clear to the reader by now that, as the result of multiple and overlapping effects ofmany neurotoxic chemicals, any listing of effects must necessarily be a simplified representation. Also,the science of neurotoxicity is continually evolving, so that revisions of such lists are to be expectedas new information is obtained. Nonetheless, considerable progress has been made in recent yearstoward developing reliable methods of neurotoxicity evaluation and minimizing exposure to potentialneurotoxicants.REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGAnnau, Z., ed., Neurobehavioral Toxicology, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1986.Anthony, D. C., T. J. Montine, and D. G. Graham. “Toxic responses of the nervous system,” in Casarett and Doull’sToxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed., C. D. Klaassen, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966, pp.463–486.Anthony, D. C., and D. G. Graham. “Toxic responses of the nervous system,” in Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology:The Basic Science of Poisons, 4th ed., M. O. Amdur, J. Doull, and C. D. Klaassen, eds., McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 1991.Araki, S., ed., Neurobehavioral Methods and Effects in Occupational and Environmental Health, Academic Press,London, 1995.Baker, E. L. Jr., “ Neurologic and behavioral disorders,” in Occupational Health: Recognizing and PreventingWork-Related Disease, 2nd ed., B. S. Levy and D. H. Wegman, eds., Little, Brown, Boston, 1988.Chang, L. W., and W. Slikker, Jr., eds., Neurotoxicology: Approaches and Methods, Academic Press, London, 1995.Feldman, R. G., Occupational and Environmental Neurotoxicology, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins Publishers,Philadelphia, 1998.Johnson, B. L., ed., Advances in Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Applications in Environmental and OccupationalHealth, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1990.Kilburn, K. H., Chemical Brain Injury, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 1998.Norton, S., “Toxic responses of the central nervous system,” in Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Scienceof Poisons, 3rd ed., C. D. Klassen, M. O. Amdur, and J. Doull, eds., Macmillan, New York, 1986.Office of Technology Assessment, Congressional Board of the 101st Congress, Neurotoxicity: Identifying andControlling Poisons of the Nervous System, Van Nostrand-, New York, 1990.Tilson, H. A., and G. J. Harry, eds., Neurotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series), Taylor and Francis, London,1999.Tilson, H. A., and C. L. Mitchell, Neurotoxicology, Raven Press, New York, 1992.Weiss, B., and J. L. O’Donoghue, eds., Neurobehavioral Toxicity: Analysis and Interpretation, Raven Press, NewYork, 1994.