PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 433Epstein, W., “Occupational poison ivy and oak dermatitis,” Occup. Derm. 12: 511–516 (1994).Foster, S., and R. A. Caras, A Field Guide to Venomous Animals and Poisonous Plants, Houghton-Mifflin, Boston,1994.Florsheim, G. L., “Treatment of human amatoxin mushroom poisoning. Myths and advances in therapy,” Med.Toxicol. 2: 1–9 (1987).Hall, A. H., D. G. Spoerke, and B. H. Rumack, “Assessing mistletoe toxicity,” Ann. Emerg. Med. 15: 1320–1323(1986).Halstead, B. W., Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, Darwin Press, Princeton, NJ, 1988.Howard, R. J., and N. T. Bennett, “Infections caused by halophilic marine vibrio bacteria,” Ann. Surg. 217: 525–531(1993).Kalish, R. S., “Recent developments in the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis,” Arch. Dermatol. 127:1558–1663 (1991).Kawai, K., M. Nakagawa, K. Kawai, F. M. Liew, and Yasuno, “Hyposensitization to urushiol among Japaneselacquer craftsmen: Results of patch tests on students learning the art of lacquerware,” Contact Dermatitis 25:290–295 (1991).Kem, W. R., “Worm toxins,” in Handbook of Natural Toxins, Vol. 3, Marine Toxins and Venoms, A. T. Tu, ed.,Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985, pp. 353–378.Kem, W. R., “ Peptide chain toxins of marine animals,” in Biomedical Importance of Marine Organisms, D. Fautine,ed., Calif. Acad. Sci. Memoirs, San Francisco, 1988, pp. 69–83.Kem, W. R., “Alzheimers’s drug design based upon an invertebrate toxin (anabaseine) which is a potent nicotinicreceptor agonist,” Invert. Neurosci. 3: 251–259 (1997).Knight, B., “Ricin—a potent homicidal poison,” Br. Med. J. 350–351 (1979).Middlebrook, J. L., “Cell surface receptors for protein toxins,” in Botulinum Neurotoxin and Tetanus Neurotoxin,L. L. Simpson, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1989, pp. 95–119.Moffett, M. W., “Poison-dart frogs: lurid and lethal,” Natl. Geogr. Mag. 187: 98–111 (1995).Palafox, N. A., L. G. Jain, A. Z. Pinano, T. M. Gulick, R. K. Williams, and I. J. Schantz, “Successful treatment ofciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol,” J. Am. Med. Assoc. 259: 2740–2742 (1988).Rauber, A., and J. Heard, “ Castor bean toxicity re-examined: A new perspective,” Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 27: 498–502(1985).Russell, F. E., “Snake venom poisoning in the United States,” Ann. Rev. Med. 31: 247–259 (1980).Russell, F. E., “ Snake venom immunology: Historical and practical considerations,” J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 7: 1–82(1988).Simpson, L. L., “The actions of clostridial toxins on storage and release of neurotransmitters,” in Natural andSynthetic Neurotoxins, A. L. Harvey, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993, pp. 277–318.Spoerke, D. G., and B. H. Rumack, Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning. Diagnosis and Treatment, CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL., 1995, p. 464.Sutherland, S. K., “Antivenom use in Australia. Premedication, adverse reactions and the uses of venom detectionkits,” Med. J. Austral. 157: 734–739 (1992).Tu, A. T., Venoms: Chemistry and Molecular <strong>Biology</strong>, Wiley, New York, 1977.Turner, N. J., and A. F. Szczawinski, Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms, Timber Press, Portland, OR, 1991.Van Mierop, L. H. S., “Poisonous snakebite: A review. 1. Snakes and their venom, 2. Symptomatology andtreatment,” J. Fla. Med. Assoc. 63: 191–210 (1976).Yaffee, H. S., and F. Stargardter, “Erythema multiforme from Tedania ignis,” Arch. Dermatol. 87: 601–604 (1963).Yamamoto, K., A. C. Wright, J. B. Kaper, and J. G. Morris, Jr., “The cytolysin gene of Vibrio vulnificus: Sequenceand relationship to the Vibrio cholerae El Tor hemolysin gene,” Infect. Immun. 58: 2706–2709 (1990).Yasumoto, T., and M. Yotsu, “Biogenetic origin and natural analogs of tetrodotoxin,” in Natural Toxins: Toxicology,Chemistry and Safety, R. F. Keeler, N. B. Mandava, and A. T. Tu, eds., Amererican Chemical Society Press,Washington, DC, 1992, pp. 226–233.
PART IIIApplicationsPrinciples of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications, Second Edition, Edited by Phillip L. Williams, Robert C.James, and Stephen M. Roberts.ISBN 0-471-29321-0 © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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CONTRIBUTORSLOUIS ADAMS, PH.D. Prof
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CONTENTSPREFACExvACKNOWLEDGMENTSxvi
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CONTENTSix7.3 Agents that Act on th
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CONTENTSxi15.4 Herbicides 35615.5 F
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CONTENTSxiii21.6 Population Issues
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xviPREFACE• The approach is scien
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PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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1 General Principles of ToxicologyG
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1.2 WHAT TOXICOLOGISTS STUDY 5Delay
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1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF DOSE AND THE
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1.4 HOW DOSE-RESPONSE DATA CAN BE U
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1.5 AVOIDING INCORRECT CONCLUSIONS
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1.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING DOSE-RESPON
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1.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING DOSE-RESPON
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26 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
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36 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND EL
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2.4 DISPOSITION: DISTRIBUTION AND E
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2.5 SUMMARY 53the transfer from liv
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 55
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58 BIOTRANSFORMATION: A BALANCE BET
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60Figure 3.3 Xenobiotic metabolism
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TABLE 3.4 Important Cytochrome P450
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88 HEMATOTOXICITY: CHEMICALLY INDUC
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100 HEMATOTOXICITY: CHEMICALLY INDU
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5 Hepatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on
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5.1 THE PHYSIOLOGIC AND MORPHOLOGIC
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5.1 THE PHYSIOLOGIC AND MORPHOLOGIC
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5.2 TYPES OF LIVER INJURY 117cause
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5.2 TYPES OF LIVER INJURY 119Exampl
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5.2 TYPES OF LIVER INJURY 121TABLE
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5.2 TYPES OF LIVER INJURY 123to pro
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5.3 EVALUATION OF LIVER INJURY 125f
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6 Nephrotoxicity: Toxic Responses o
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6.1 BASIC KIDNEY STRUCTURES AND FUN
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6.1 BASIC KIDNEY STRUCTURES AND FUN
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6.2 FUNCTIONAL MEASUREMENTS TO EVAL
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6.3 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS ON
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146 NEUROTOXICITY: TOXIC RESPONSES
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8 Dermal and Ocular Toxicology: Tox
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8.2 FUNCTIONS 159corneum is the pri
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8.3 CONTACT DERMATITIS 161TABLE 8.2
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8.3 CONTACT DERMATITIS 163mucous me
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8.3 CONTACT DERMATITIS 165light to
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8.4 SUMMARY 167The structure of the
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9 Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic Effects in
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9.1 LUNG ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 171
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9.2 MECHANISMS OF INDUSTRIALLY RELA
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9.2 MECHANISMS OF INDUSTRIALLY RELA
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9.3 SUMMARY 185Industrially Related
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190 IMMUNOTOXICITY: TOXIC EFFECTS O
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11 Reproductive ToxicologyREPRODUCT
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11.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2
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11.2 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY
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11.3 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 225de
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11.3 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 227af
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11.3 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 229ri
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11.3 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 231to
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11.4 CURRENT RESEARCH CONCERNS 233T
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11.4 CURRENT RESEARCH CONCERNS 235
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12 Mutagenesis and Genetic Toxicolo
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12.2 GENETIC FUNDAMENTALS AND EVALU
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TABLE 12-1. Correspondence of the G
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12.3 NONMAMMALIAN MUTAGENICITY TEST
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12.4 MAMMALIAN MUTAGENICITY TESTS 2
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12.4 MAMMALIAN MUTAGENICITY TESTS 2
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12.5 OCCUPATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF M
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REFERENCES CITED AND SUGGESTED READ
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13 Chemical CarcinogenesisCHEMICAL
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13.1 THE TERMINOLOGY OF CANCER 267H
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13.3 CARCINOGENESIS BY CHEMICALS 26
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Figure 13.1 Schematic diagram of th
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Figure 13.4 Metabolic activation of
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13.4 MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF CARCINOGE
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Figure 13.7 DNA damage leads to p53
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13.5 TESTING CHEMICALS FOR CARCINOG
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13.5 TESTING CHEMICALS FOR CARCINOG
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13.6 INTERPRETATION ISSUES RAISED B
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13.7 EMPIRICAL MEASURES OF RELIABIL
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13.8 OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENS 301TA
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13.8 OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENS 303TA
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13.9 CANCER AND OUR ENVIRONMENT 305
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13.10 CANCER TRENDS AND THEIR IMPAC
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13.11 SUMMARY 321from non-Hodgkin
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14 Properties and Effects of Metals
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14.2 SPECIATION OF METALS 327Most o
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14.3 PHARMACOKINETICS OF METALS 329
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14.4 TOXICITY OF METALS 331reflex i
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14.4 TOXICITY OF METALS 333Several
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14.5 SOURCES OF METAL EXPOSURE 335H
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14.6 TOXICOLOGY OF SELECTED METALS
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14.7 SUMMARY 343Zinc is required fo
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15 Properties and Effects of Pestic
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15.1 ORGANOPHOSPHATE AND CARBAMATE
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15.3 INSECTICIDES OF BIOLOGICAL ORI
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15.3 INSECTICIDES OF BIOLOGICAL ORI
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15.4 HERBICIDES 357ClClO CH 2 C OOH
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15.5 FUNGICIDES 359temperatures as
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15.7 FUMIGANTS 361thallium sulfate-
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16 Properties and Effects of Organi
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TABLE 16.1 Physicochemical Properti
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16.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 371TABLE 16.2
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16.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 373Once absor
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16.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 375the additi
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16.3 TOXIC PROPERTIES OF REPRESENTA
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Page 416 and 417: REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 40
Page 418 and 419: 17 Properties and Effects of Natura
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Page 430 and 431: 17.6 TOXINS OF HIGHER PLANTS 421TAB
Page 432 and 433: 17.7 ANIMAL VENOMS AND TOXINS 423of
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Page 438 and 439: 17.7 ANIMAL VENOMS AND TOXINS 429Fi
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Page 444 and 445: 18 Risk AssessmentRISK ASSESSMENTRO
Page 446 and 447: 18.1 RISK ASSESSMENT BASICS 439Step
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Page 450 and 451: 18.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 443chemi
Page 452 and 453: 18.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: EXPOSURE
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Page 456 and 457: 18.4 DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 449Af
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Page 462 and 463: 18.4 DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 455No
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Page 468 and 469: 18.5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 461likel
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Page 476 and 477: 18.8 COMPARATIVE RISK ANALYSIS 469r
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Page 480 and 481: 18.9 RISK COMMUNICATION 473TABLE 18
Page 486 and 487: 480 EXAMPLE OF RISK ASSESSMENT APPL
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486 EXAMPLE OF RISK ASSESSMENT APPL
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500 OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
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21 Epidemiologic Issues inOccupatio
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21.3 TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
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21.5 DISEASE AND HUMAN HEALTH EFFEC
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21.8 MEASUREMENT OF ASSOCIATION OR
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21.9 BIAS 519increased or decreased
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524 CONTROLLING OCCUPATIONAL AND EN
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556 GLOSSARYaliphatic Organic compo
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558 GLOSSARYbenign tumor A new tiss
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560 GLOSSARYcytokinesis The divisio
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562 GLOSSARYerythropoietic stimulat
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564 GLOSSARYinhalation route The mo
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566 GLOSSARYmitochondria Small sphe
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568 GLOSSARYoral route The entry of
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570 GLOSSARYporphyrin Any of a grou
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572 GLOSSARYspirometry The measurem
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INDEXAbsorbed dose, defined, 4Absor
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INDEX 577Area under the tissue conc
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INDEX 579animal studies, 297cellula
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INDEX 581speciation of, 327-328Corp
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INDEX 583organ-specific activities,
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INDEX 585Follicle-stimulating hormo
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INDEX 587fatty liver, 120-122hepato
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INDEX 589Isoniazid metabolism, path
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INDEX 591Mechanistic toxicology, as
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INDEX 593Nephropathy:defined 130nep
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INDEX 595neurobehavioral sequelae,
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INDEX 597Probability density functi
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INDEX 599Rodenticides, 360.-361sodi
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INDEX 601Safe Human Dose (SHD) appr
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INDEX 603drug metabolism factors, 7
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