PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

GLOSSARY 563hemolytic anemia Anemia owing to shortened in vivo survival of mature red blood cells, andinability of the bone marrow to compensate for their decreased life span.hemoptysis The coughing or spitting up of blood from the respiratory tract.hemorrhagic cystitis Urinary bladder inflammation compounded with bleeding.hemosiderosis A general increase in iron stores in tissues without tissue damage.hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver.hepatotoxin A toxin destructive of liver cells.histamine A physiologically active amine, C 5H 9N 3, found in plant and animal tissue. It is releasedfrom cells of the immune system in human beings as part of an allergic reaction.hives A skin condition characterized by intensely itching welts and caused by an allergic reaction tointernal or external agents, an infection, or a nervous condition. Also called urticaria.homolog One of a series of compounds, each of which is formed from the one before it by the additionof a constant element or a constant group of elements, as in the homologous series C NH 2N+2,compounds of which would be CH 4, C 2H 6, C 3H 8, or similar.humoral immunity The component of the immune response involving the transformation of Blymphocytes into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen.hydrocarbon An organic compound consisting exclusively of the elements carbon and hydrogen.Derived principally from vegetable sources, petroleum, and coal tar.hydrolysis Decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the catalyticconversion of starch to glucose.hydrophilic Readily absorbing water; hygroscopic.hydroxylation An oxidative reaction that introduces one or more hydroxyl groups into an organiccompound.hyperalgesia A heightened or excessive sensitivity to pain.hyperemia An excess of blood in some part of the body.hyperkeratosis Overgrowth of the corneous layer of the skin, or any disease characterized by thatconditions.hyperpigmentation Abnormally increased pigmentation.hyperplasia Abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangementin a tissue.hypersensitivity A state of extreme sensitivity to an action of a chemical; for example, the individualsof a test population who fit into the “low end” of an ED 50 or LD 50 curve (i.e., those individualswho react to a very low dose as opposed to the median effective dose).hypokinesis Abnormally decreased mobility; abnormally decreased motor function or activity.hyposensitivity The state of decreased sensitivity; for example, the individuals of a test populationwho fit into the “high end” of an ED 50 or LD 50 curve (i.e., those individuals who respond only toa very high dose as compared to the median effective dose).hypoxia A partial reduction in the oxygen concentration supplied to cells or tissues.immune response See sensitization reaction.incidence An expression of the rate at which a certain event occurs, as the number of new cases ofa specific disease occurring during a certain period.inclusion body An abnormal structure in a cell nucleus or cytoplasm having characteristics stainingproperties and associated especially with certain viral infections, such as rabies and smallpox.infarct An area of necrosis in a tissue caused by local lack of blood resulting from obstruction ofcirculation to the area.