PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

578 INDEXBiotransformation (continued)solvent exposure, 373toxic agent elimination, 5 1Bipyridyl compounds, structure and characteristics,356-358Black widow spiders, venom toxicology in, 427Bladder, structure and function, nephrotoxicity, 134Blast forming unit-erythrocyte (BFU-E), red bloodcell development, 91-92Blood cells, formation and differentiation, 88-90Blood flow, kidneys, 129-130Blood pressure regulation, nephrotoxicity and 134Blood tests, hepatoxicity and 1255127Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), nephrotoxicitymeasurement, 136B-lymphocytes:formation of, 94495immunotoxicity, 190.--191clinical assessment, 196Bone marrow production, hematopoiesis, 88-90Bone marrow suppression:causative chemical agents, 102mechanisms of, 1022104Botulinurn poisoning, toxicology, 415-416BPDE, genetic alteration and, 2477248Brain development, lead poisoning studies and,2355236Brain lesions, neurotoxicants and 150Breakage-first hypothesis, chromosomal aberrations,250-25 1Brevetoxins, toxicology, 417Bridging necrosis, hepatocellular degeneration anddeath, 117British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), metals metabolism andstorage, 330Bromomethane, nephrotoxicity 140Brown recluse spider, venom toxicology of, 426Bufotenin, in amphibians, 425Bufotoxins:in amphibian venoms, 425cardiac glycosides in, 419o-Bungarotoxin, reptile and amphibian venomtoxicology, 424 425B-Bungarotoxin, reptile and amphibian venomtoxicology, 424425Byssinosis, pulmonotoxicity and 184Cadmium:carcinogenicity of, 333-334female reproductive toxicology, 221male reproductive toxicology, 212-2 13nephrotoxicity, 138occupational health surveillance program forexposure to, 505toxicology of, 338-339Caffeine, neurotoxicity, 152Calcium, hepatocellular degeneration and death,homeostasis, loss of, 120Calcum channels, natural venoms and toxinneurotoxicity, 413Caloric restrictions, carcinogenicity studies, 296-297Cancer:incidence and mortality in US., 319-321risk assessment studies:nonthreshold modeling, 455459pesticides, household exposure risk table, 470volatile organic compounds (VOCs), indoor airexposure risk table, 469somatic cell mutation theory of, 240terminology of, 266Cancer slope factor:lead carcinogenicity, 341risk assessment studies, arsenic risk assessment,4899490solvent toxicology, 301Carbamate insecticides, 346-352absorption and metabolism, 3477348acute effects, 348-349biological monitoring, 350-351chronic effects, 349delayed neurotoxicity, 3499350historical background 346-347intoxication treatment, 351mechanism of action, 347neurobehavioral sequelae, 350regulatory information, 35 l-352Carbon black, antimony carcinogenicity riskscompared with, 492Carbon dioxide, occupational hazard control casestudy of, 547-549Carbon disulfide:spontaneous abortion and, 227toxicology, 406407Carbon monoxide, oxygen transport impairment and97-99Carbon tetrachloride:nephrotoxicity, 140toxicology, 377, 396-397Carboxyhemoglobin, carbon monoxide bindingaffinity, 97-98Carboxylic acids, toxicology, 3899390Carcinogenicity studies. See Chemical leukogenesis;Mutagenesisalcohol as risk factor, 315antimony, 490-496air and soil exposure equations, 495496human studies, 491putative mechanisms for, 4933494rodent studies, 491493short-term genetic toxicity studies, 493weight of evidence characterization, 494496cancer risk assessment studies, regulatory issues,456459chemical carcinogenesis:administration routes and vehicles, 295-296anatomic differences, human-animalcomparisons, 297-298