PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

582 INDEXDiet and nutrition (continued)carcinogenicity studies, 2966297developmental toxicology, 230metals ingestion, 329Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), toxicology, 390Diethylstilbestrol (DES):endocrine disruption research, 233-235teratogenic effects, 2299230Diffusion mean equivalent diameter (DMED), lungabsorption of particulates, 44-15Digitoxin, in flowering plants, 419Digoxin, in flowering plants, 419Dihydroxy aromatics, toxicology, 384-385Dilution ventilation systems, control technologies forhazardous materials, 540Dimethylaniline, toxicology, 401402Dimethylformamide, spontaneous abortion and 227Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), toxicology, 405407Dinitrobenzene (DNB), male reproductive toxicology,Sertoli cell specificity, 215Dinitrophenol (DNP), toxicity, 404Dinoflagellate toxins, toxicology, 417Dioxane, nephrotoxicity, 141Dioxins:female reproductive toxicology, 223male reproductive toxicology and 217toxic equivalency factors (TEF) relative to PCBcongeners, 466Diquat, structure and characteristics, 3566358Direct acting toxicants, male reproductive toxicology,212-213Direct carcinogens, defined, 268Disease clusters, epidemiologic studies, 520Disease mechanisms, epidemiologic studies and5155516Disease rates, epidemiologic studies and 516-5 17Disposition mechanisms, toxic agents, 45553biotransformation, 51excretion, 51-53kinetic models, 45551Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 101Distal tubule, structure and function, 132Distribution mechanisms:in human body, 35-3 6metals pharmacokinetics, 328solvent exposure, 372-373Dithiocarbamates, structure and toxicity, 359DNA damage:antimony carcinogenicity risks, 493apoptosis, 2866289bacterial testing and assessment of, 252biomarkers for, 260epigenetic carcinogens, 273,278-279genetic alteration mechanisms, 2455251genetic toxicology and transcription andtranslation mechanisms, 241-244hepatocellular degeneration and death, 116-l 17male reproductive toxicology, spermatogenesissusceptibility, 211-212methylation patterns:animal studies, 298-299epigenetic carcinogens, 279mutagenesis research and 240p53 gene, 284primary damage testing, 256somatic mutation theory of cancer, 269Dominant lethal assays, mutagenicity testing, 255Dose:carcinogenicity testing protocols:maximally tolerated dose (MTD), 2922294number of tested doses, 295defined 4,9risk assessment studies:animal vs. human dosages, 444exposure pathways and dosages, 446449role of, in toxocology research, 778Dose addition technique, risk evaluation using,4655468Dose metrics, risk assessment studies, 4599460Dose-response relationship:applications of data from, 18-20chemical composition and, 26chemical leukemogenesis, 104chemical-specific factors in, 26-27cumulative dose-response curve, 16-18descriptive toxicology testing, 27-28endocrine disruption research and, 234-235exposure conditions and 26-27hydrogen sulfide poisoning, 106lead poisoning research and, 235-236limits on interpretation of, 20-22organism-related factors in, 22-26age characteristics, 23-24chemical interaction effects, 24-25exposure routes, 22-23gender characteristics, 23genetics and 25-26health status, 26risk assessment procedures, 438,449460cancer risk assessment studies, 4555459dose metrics, 459460nonthreshold models, 4555459threshold models, 4499454role of, in toxocology research, 7-18toxicity test components and 9-l 1Drinking water, metals ingestion, 329nickel toxicology, 342zinc toxicology, 342-343Drosophila species, mutagenicity testing with, 253Drug clearance tests, hepatoxicity and, 126Drug development, natural toxins as sources of,431432Drug lupus, immunotoxicity, 195Drug metabolism:biotransformation factors, 74-77initiation and promotion, 270-272 iatrogenic cancer, 3 18-3 19