PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING 363From the discussion included in this chapter, the following are the main points to be gained:• Pesticides are used for a variety of different reasons, including control or eradication of pestsfrom homes, pets, or crops. Pesticides are also important in the control of vector-bornediseases (e.g., malaria).• Individuals may be exposed to a variety of pesticides via inhalation, ingestion, or dermalroutes. Exposure can be either occupational, dietary, accidental, or intentional (e.g., suicide).• Pesticides work via numerous mechanisms in pest species as well as in humans and animals.• The persistent organochlorine insecticides have been replaced by organophosphate compounds.These organophosphate insecticides are now being replaced by pesticides such aspyrethrins which are even of lower toxicity and are not very persistent.• Industrial hygiene standards, such as OSHA PELs and ACGIH TLVs and BEIs, exist for anumber of pesticides.REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1999 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) forChemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), ACGIH, Cincinnati, 1999.Austin, H., J. E. Keil, and P. Cole, “A prospective follow-up study of cancer mortality in relation to serum DDT,”Am. J. Publ. Health 79: 43–46 (1989).Baselt, R. C., and R. H. Cravey, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 4th ed., Chemical ToxicologyInstitute, Foster City, CA, 1995.Bolt, H. M., “Quantification of endogenous carcinogens. The ethylene oxide paradox,” Biochem. Pharmacol. 52:1–5 (1996).Bond, G. G., and R. Rossbacher, “A review of potential human carcinogenicity of the chlorophenoxy herbicidesMCPA, MCPP, and 2,4-DP,” Br. J. Ind. Med. 50: 340–348 (1993).Burns, C. J., “Update of the morbidity experience of employees potentially exposed to chlorpyrifos,” Occup.Environ. Med. 55: 65–70 (1998).Cannon, S. B., J. M. Veazey, R. S. Jackson, V. W. Burse, C. Hayes, W. E. Straub, P. J. Landrigan, and J. A. Liddle,“Epidemic Kepone poisoning in chemical workers,” Am. J. Epidemiol. 107(6): 529–537 (1978).Cohn, W. J., J. J. Boylan, R. V. Blanke, M. W. Farriss, J. R. Howell, and P. S. Guzelian, “Treatment of chlordecone(Kepone) toxicity with chloestyramine. Results of a controlled clinical trial,” NEJM 298: 243–248 (1978).Costa, L. G., “Basic toxicology of pesticides,” Occup. Med. State of the Art Rev. 12(2): 251–268 (1997).Coye, M. J., P. G. Barnett, J. E. Midtling, A. R. Velasco, P. Romero, C. L. Clements, and T. G. Rose, “Clinicalconfirmation of organophosphate poisoning by serial cholinesterase analyses,” Arch. Intern. Med. 147: 438–442(1987).Daniell, W. S. Barnhart, P. Demers, L. G. Costa, D. L. Eaton, M. Miller, and L. Rosenstock, “Neuropsychologicalperformance among agricultural pesticide applicators,” Environ. Res. 59: 217–228 (1992).Dannaker, C. J., H. I. Maibach, and M. O’Malley, “Contact urticaria and anaphylaxis to the fungicide chlorothalonil,”Cutis 52: 312–315 (1993).de Jong, G., G. M. H. Swaen, and J. J. M. Slangen, “Mortality of workers exposed to dieldrin and aldrin: Aretrospective cohort study,” Occup. Environ. Med. 54: 702–707 (1997).Ditraglia, D., D. P. Brown, T. Namekata, and N. Iverson, “Mortality study of workers employed at organochlorinepesticide manufacturing plants,” Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 7: 140–146 (1981).Durham, W. F., and W. J. Hayes, “Organic phosphorous poisoning and its therapy with special reference to modesof action and compounds that reactivate inhibited cholinesterase,” Arch. Environ. Health 5: 21–47 (1962).Ellenhorn, M. J., Ellenhorn’s Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisonings, 2nd ed.,Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997.Farm Chemicals Handbook, Meister Publishing, Willoughby, OH, 1997.