PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

592 INDEXMixed exposure patterns, epidemiologic studies of,515Mixed-function oxidases. See Cytochrome P450enzymes; MonooxygenasesMixed-lymphocyte reaction (MLR) test,immunotoxicity assessment, 197naturally occurring mutagens, 240-241occupational mutagens, 240-241Mutation, defined 239Myeloid series:hematopoiesis, 88.-90red blood cells (RBCs): erythrocytes, 91-92Molecular dosimerry, risk assessment studies,exposure pathways and dosages, 449Molecular size, passive diffusion, toxic agents, 37-38Mollusc venoms and toxins, toxicology, 427428Monoamine oxidases, oxidation reactions, 70Monoclonal antibodies, antivenin therapy and 431Monocytes, formation of, 93-94Monooxygenases:biotransformation, oxidation reactions, 65-66flavoprotein metabolism, 66, 70NADPH, cytochrome ~450 reductase,biotransformation, 66Nails, toxic agent excretion, 53Naphthalene, toxicology, 381-382National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys(NHANES), cancer risk and 316Natural immunity, immunotoxicity and 1899190Natural killer (NK) cells, immunotoxicity, 193Natural sources, metals exposure from, 334Morbidity/mortality studies:Natural toxins:cancer inU.S., 319-321increased risk activities table, 472Mouse skin model, cancer initiation and promotion,2699270Mouse-specific locus assay, mutagenicity testing, 254Mucosal lining, pulmonotoxicity, 170.-171Multihit models, cancer risk assessment studies,456459Multiple-chemical sensitivity, immunotoxicity and,2033205Muscarinic symptoms, organophosphateicarbamatepesticide exposure, 348-349Mushroom toxins, toxicology, 417419Mustard gases:carcinogenicity, 273genetic toxicity and 247, 249Mutagenesis:carcinogenicity and, 273classification of genetic change, 2455246comparative mutagenicity of compounds, 259genetic toxicology and 239mammalian mutagenicity tests, 253-257dominant lethal assays, 255germ cell assays, 254heritable translocation assay, 255micronucleus testing, 255primary DNA damage testing, 256spermhead morphology assay, 255transgenic mouse assays, 256in vitro testing, 256-257multidisciplinary testing of, 258-259nonmammalian mutagenicity tests, 251-253bacterial test systems, 252Drosophila test systems, 253plant assays, 253occupational significance of mutagens, 257-261future research issues, 260-261gene pool and oncogenesis, 257monitoring techniques, genetic biomarkers, 260mutidisciplinary approach, 257.-259Mutagens:animal venoms and toxins:arthropod toxins and venoms, 426427coelentrate (cnidarian) venoms, 428429fish venoms and toxins, 425426molhtsc venoms and toxins, 427428reptiles and amphibians, 423425toxic marine invertebrates, 429430carcinogenicity, 275cardiovascular toxins, 413cytotoxins, 414as drug therapy, 431432functional value of, 411inflammatory and carcinogenic toxins, 415liver and kidney toxins, 413414molecular and functional diversity, 4104 11neurotoxic actions, 411413plant toxins, 417423contact dermatitis, 422423flowering plants, 419422mushrooms and fungi, 417419poisons, toxins, and venoms, 409second messenger toxins, 414415therapy:counter-ingestion techniques, 430immunotherapy, 43043 1organism identification, 430pharmacotherapy, 431unicellular organisms, 415417amebic dysentery, 416-4 17bacterial toxins, 4154 16dinoflagellate toxins, 417Necrosis, hepatocellular degeneration and death,117-118Nematocysts, venom toxicology, 428429Neoplasia, defined, 266Neoplasms:behavior of, 267benign vs. malignant, 267-268classification, 267-268Nephrons:structure and function, 130-132classification of, 2399240 tubules and tubular reabsorption, 131-133