PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

564 GLOSSARYinhalation route The movement of a chemical from the breathing zone, through the air passagewaysof the lung, into the alveolar area, across the epithelial cell layer of the alveoli and the endothelialcell layer of the capillary wall, and into the blood system.inotropic Affecting the force of muscular contraction, especially in the heart muscle.interleukins A generic term for a group of protein factors that affect primary cells and are derivedfrom macrophages and T cells that have been stimulated by antigens or mitogens.interleukin-1 Any of a group of protein substances, released by macrophages and other cells, thatinduce the production of interleukin-2 by helper T cells and stimulate the inflammatory response.interleukin-2 A lymphokine that is released by helper T cells in response to an antigen andinterleukin-1 and stimulates the proliferation of helper T cells. It has been used experimentally totreat cancer.intraperitoneal Within the peritoneal cavity; an intraperitoneal injection is one in which a chemicalis injected into the abdominal fluid of an animal.ionization The dissociation of a substance in solution into ions.irritant dermatitis See dermatitis.ischemia Deficiency of blood owing to a functional constriction or actual obstruction of a bloodvessel.isotonic Describing a solution with the same solute concentration as another solution (e.g., tissueculture media and cellular cytoplasm of cultured cells).isozyme A member of a family of proteins with related structure and function.kepone Insecticide and fungicide having the formula C 10Cl 10O; causes excitability, tremor, skin rash,opsoclonus, weight loss, and in some cases (in animals) testicular atrophy.keratoacanthoma A rapidly growing papular lesion, with a crater filled with a keratin plug, whichreaches maximum size and then resolves spontaneously within 4–6 months from onset.keratosis Any horny growth, such as a wart or callosity.ketone Any compound containing the carbonyl group C?O and having hydrocarbon groups attachedto its carbonyl carbon.LD 50 That dose of a particular substance that, administered to all animals in a test, is lethal to 50percent of the animals. It is that dose of a compound which will produce death in 50 percent of theanimals-hence, the median lethal dose. The values of LD 50 should be reported in terms of theduration over which the animals were observed. If a time is not given, it is assumed they wereobserved for 24 h.lacrimation The secretion and discharge of tears.laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx, a condition attended with dryness and soreness of the throat,hoarseness, cough, and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).leukocyte A white blood cell or corpuscle; classified as either granular or nongranular.leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood, resulting from variouscauses, such as hemorrhage, fever, infection, or inflammation.leukopenia Lower-than-normal number of leukocytes in the blood; the normal concentration is4000–11,000 leukocytes in 1 ml of blood.Leydig’s cells The interstitial cells of the testes (between the seminiferous tubules), believed tofurnish the male sex hormone.lichen planus An inflammatory skin disease characterized by the appearance of wide, flat, violaceous,itchy, polygonal papules, occurring in circumscribed patches, and often very persistent.The hair follicles and nails may become involved, and the buccal mucosa may be affected.lipid peroxidation Interaction of free radicals with the lipid constituents of a membrane, resultingin alterations of structure and function of the membrane.lipophilicity Having an affinity for fats.