PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

602 INDEXTumorigenesis (continued)hepatoxicity and, 123Tumors:classification of, 266-268combined classification, 268histogenesis, 267neoplastic behavior, 267defined 266Tumor suppressor genes:apoptosis and 289carcinogenesis, 283--285Two-dimensional probabilistic risk assessment,techniques of, 463464“Two hit” hypothesis, tumor suppressor genes,283-285Type I hypersensitivity reaction, toxicity and 184l&e II antibody-mediated reaction, toxicity and184Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, allergic contactdermatitis, 161-162UDP-glucuronosyltransferases:biotransformation reactions, 72detoxification process, 85xenobiotic metabolism:animal species/strain variations, 80gender variations in, 8 1induction, enzyme activity, 75577Ulcers, dermal toxicity and, 162-l 63Ultimate carcinogens:electrophilic theory, 272examples of, 276Ultraviolet (UV) radiation:photosensitivity, 1644165skin cancer, 164Uncertainty factors:deterministic risk assessment, 462-463risk assessment studies, 45 1454risk characterization with, 462Unicellular organisms, natural venoms and toxins in,415417amebic dysentery, 4 1664 17bacterial toxins, 4154 16dinoflagellate toxins, 417Unsaturated aliphatic solvents, toxicity, 378Unsaturated ethers, toxicology, 392Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) testing,mutagenicity assessment, 256Upper airway anatomy and physiology:industrial-related disease mechanisms, 18 1pulmonotoxicity, 1699170Urine:arsenic risk assessment studies, 4899490formation, kidney structure and function and133-134Uropathic agents, nephrotoxicity, 141Urticaria, dermal toxicity, 163Urushiols, contact dermatitis, 423Uterine atrophy, reproductive toxicants and, 22 1Valproic acid, fetal hydantoin syndrome and, 229Vapors:lung absorption of, 45pulmonotoxicity and exposure to, 178-179Vascular injury, hepatotoxicity and 122-123Vehicle of administration, carcinogenicity studies,295-296Venoms:animal venoms and toxins:arthropod toxins and venoms, 4266427coelentrate (cnidarian) venoms, 428429fish venoms and toxins, 4255426mollusc venoms and toxins, 427428reptiles and amphibians, 423425toxic marine invertebrates, 4299430defined, 409,432molecular and functional diversity, 410411natural roles of, 411Venoocclusive disease, hepatotoxicity and, 123Ventilation systems:carbon dioxide exposure studies, 547-549control technologies for hazardous materials,538-540Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) transfer, fattyliver, 12 1Vibrio vulnificus, toxicology, 416Vinyl chloride, toxicology, 397Virtually safe dosages (VSD), medications, table of,470Viscotoxins, toxicology of, 421422Vitamin D, nephrotoxicity and metabolism of, 135Vitamin K:anticoagulant poisoning and, 108rodenticide and suppression of synthesis of, 360Vitamins:carcinogens and diet, 3 17-3 18developmental toxicology and, 230essential metals in, 326Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), indoor airexposure cancer risk table, 469“Walk-through survey,” occupational health hazardscontrol, 533-534Warfarin:clotting factor carboxylation and, 108as rodenticide, 360Wasp venom, toxicology, 427Weathering phenomenon, petroleum hydrocarbonsexposure and risk studies, 483486Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WISC),neurotoxicity assessment, 153Weibull model, cancer risk assessment studies, 456Weight of evidence characterization, antimonycarcinogenicity risk studies, 494496Worker isolation, control technologies for hazardousmaterials, 538Xenobiotic metabolism:biotransformation and, 57-59