PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Biology East Borneo

REFERENCES CITED AND SUGGESTED READING 263• Although in vitro tests are less expensive and less complex, in vivo mammalian tests giveresults that can be extrapolated to human circumstances more realistically, but in vivostudies are expensive and labor-intensive.Persons whose occupations expose them to potential mutagens may undergo chemically inducedchanges at a greater rate than the general population does. Validation of this hypothesis is the subjectof extensive ongoing research.• Epidemiology seeks to identify groups with increased susceptibility to chemical mutagens,or increased incidence of exposure, in order to limit exposures.• No single method currently stands out as the most comprehensive and thorough screen foridentifying mutagenic agents; often, a multidisciplinary approach employing several tests isbest suited to the accurate identification of industrial mutagens.Once mutagenic potential has been demonstrated for a compound, typically an analysis must be madeof the risks posed to exposed individuals. Such a determination is essential in the qualitative evaluationof the occupational hazard of mutagens.REFERENCES CITED AND SUGGESTED READINGAnderson, D., M. Sorsa, and M. D. Waters, “The parallelogram approach in studies of genotoxic effects,” Mutat.Res. 313: 101 (1994).Ashby, J., and R. W. Tennant, “ Prediction of rodent carcinogenicity for 44 chemicals: results,” Mutagenesis 9: 7(1994).Ashby, J., and H. Tinwell, “Use of transgenic mouse lacI/Z mutation assays in genetic toxicology,” Mutagenesis9: 179 (1994).Auerbach, C., J. M. Robson, and J. G. Carr, “The chemical production of mutations.” Science 105: 243 (1947).Barlow, S. M., and F. M. Sullivan, Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, New York, 1982.Benigni, R., “Rodent tumor profiles Salmonella mutagenicity and risk assessment,” Mutat. Res. 244: 79 (1990).Benigni, R., and A. Giuliani, “Which rules for assembling short-term test batteries to predict carcinogenicity,”Molec. Toxicol. 1: 143 (1987).Berg, K., ed., Genetic Damage in Man Caused by Environmental Agents, Academic Press, New York, 1979.Blake, B. W., K. Enslein, V. K. Gombar, and H. H. Borgstedt, “Salmonella muatgenicity and rodent carcinogenicity:Quantitative structure-activity relationships,” Mutat. Res. 241: 261 (1990).Brusick, D. J., Principles of Genetic Toxicology, Plenum Press, New York, 1980.Brusick, D. J., ed., Methods for Genetic Risk Assessment, Lewis Publishers, New York, 1994.Calabrese, E. J., Pollutants and High Risk Groups, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1978.Cohen, B. H., A. M. Lilienfeld, and P. C. Huang, eds., Genetic Issues in Public Health and Medicine, Charles C.Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1978.Costa, M., “Introduction to metal toxicity and carcinogenicity of metals,” in L. W. Chang, ed., Toxicology of metals,CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1996.Fishbein, L., Potential Industrial Carcinogens and Mutagens, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, 1979.Gossen, J. A., W. J. F de Leeuw, C. H. T. Tan, E. C. Zwarhoff, F. Berends, P. H. M. Lohman, D. L. Knook, and J.Vijg, “Efficient rescue of integrated shuttle vectors from transgenic mice: A model for studying mutations invivo,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86: 7971 (1989).Hoffmann, G. R., “Genetic toxicology,” In M. O. Amdur, J. Doull, and C. D. Klaassen, eds., Casarett and Doull’sToxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 4th ed., Macmillan, New York, 1991.Hollaender, A., ed., Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for Their Detection, Vols. 1–8, Plenum Press,New York, 1971–1984.