Harmonized Perspectives - CDKN Global

eforestation, hydrological planning, hydrological governance, comprehensive view must be taken intoconsideration 68 .Loss of BiodiversityBiodiversity loss is due to different pressures, within these the changing use of the land, fragmentationof ecosystems, habitat degradation, the overexploitation of species, the illegal trafficking of wildlifespecimens is considered one of the illicit activities that mobilizes large sums of money at aninternational level, causing serious impacts on Biodiversity 69 .Concern about the consequences of this loss and change of biodiversity has increased, to the extentthat we have more disasters and populations become more vulnerable to these losses. Nowadays waterpollution is another concern mainly due to the discharge of wastewater to receiving bodies, as wellas solid waste, which is causing water problems in these hydro ecosystems.Pollution is considered an element of risk to human health and ecosystem health as it provokeseutrophication 70 which alters the food chain. That is why in addition to reforestation efforts to protectwater, forests, land and related resources, also drinking water and sanitation are essential toachieving the Millennium Development Goals that are the most cost-effective measures toreduce poverty, chronic malnutrition, rates of morbidity and infant and maternal mortality and schooldropout rate, as expressed in various international reports. Sanitation is definitely a key elementin ensuring the health of ecosystems which will have a positive impact on human health, theeconomy and also reduces the risk of disasters 71 .Modalities for the conservation of biodiversityOne of the main ways to reduce the risk of biodiversity loss is through the establishment andmanagement of protected areas in different categories 72 which provide a range of goods and ecologicalservices while retaining the cultural and natural heritage 73 .An important modality that ensures the success of the conservation of protected areas is the coadministrationor participatory co-management 74 of protected areas in conjunction with indigenouspeoples and local groups. There are already Central America co-administration initiatives that havecreated alliances between government and civil society, which impacts positively on the managementof conservation areas. This relationship between the parties should be done from the time ofthe planning of the area, and in the development of the management plan. Of equal importanceis receiving benefits from these areas, which transcend the rest of the community.The CBD recognizes the close and traditional dependence of indigenous and local communities withregard to biological resources and the need to ensure that these communities receive a share of theprofits arising from the use of their knowledge and practices in relation to the conservation andsustainable use of biodiversity. Currently, biodiversity also includes human diversity (cultural) whichinfluences the use of biodiversity also and the result of its effects 75 .In the case of this unique and vulnerable region, Central America should consider the management ofprotected areas and sub-systems, this to avoid islands of conservation, which helps to reducefragmentation. This can be done at the level of landscaping patterns that promote connectivity for68 GWP 2000.69 USAID/CCAD 2007.70 Eutrophication or nutrient enrichment of water produces an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants, which when they diethey sink to the bottom of rivers, reservoirs or lakes, generating organic waste, they decompose, they consume much of theoxygen dissolved and thus can affect aquatic life and cause death by suffocation of wildlife and make the body of water ina swamp.71 SEGEPLAN. 2006.72 Management categories: protected areas for optimal management and administration are classified into different categories,which define their primary conservation objectives.73 UNEP/CBD/COP/21.74 Co-management is formalized through the signing of an agreement, where the administration of a protected area is transferredto a legal non-profit organization.75 CDB 2,010 GEO4 2007.19