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11 th International Symposium for GIS and Computer Cartography for Coastal Zones Managementmend architectural adaptations. With sea-levels rising due to climate change, such matters are becoming a crucialissue.AcknowledgmentsThis research work would be impossible without the support of the LETG Nantes-Géolittomer laboratory (DenisMercier), the LEMNA laboratory (Sophie Pardo) and the help of Elie Chevillot-Miot, a student of Nantes University.Moreover, we are very grateful for the collaboration of Freddy Vinet (Montpellier University), the ServiceDépartemental d’Incendie et de Secours of Vendée and the Communauté de Communes de l’Île de Noirmoutier. Wealso thank the Geopal platform for many useful data.ReferencesBalica, S.F., N. Douben, and N.G. Wright (2009), Flood Vulnerability Indices at Varying Spatial Scales, Water Science andTechnology Journal, WST 60.10. 2009, 2571–2580.Boruff, B.J., C. Emrich, and S.L. Cutter (2005), Erozion hazard vulnerability of US coastal counties, Journal of Coastal Research,21:932–942.CETMEF – CETE Méditerranée – CETE de l'Ouest. (Nov. 2012), Vulnérabilité du territoire National aux risques littoraux.France métropolitaine – Mise à jour. Rapport CETMEF/DI. 170 p.Chauveau, E., P. Pottier, C. Chadenas, D. Mercier, L. Pourinet, T. Feuillet, B. Comental, and A. Blanlœil (2011), “La catastropheXynthia : un processus d'urbanisation littorale face à un fait de nature”, Cahiers nantais, 1:37–51.Chauvet A. and Renard J. (1978), La Vendée. Le Pays. Les hommes, Editions du Cercle-d’Or, Les Sables-d’Olonne, France,181p.Debaine, F. and M. Robin (2012), “A new GIS modelling of coastal dune protection services against physical coastal hazards”,Ocean & Coastal Management, 63:43–54.Fattal, P., M. Robin, M. Paillart, M. Maanan, D. Mercier, C. Lamberts, and S. Costa (2010), “Effets des tempêtes sur une plageaménagée et à forte protection côtière: la plage des Éloux (côte de Noirmoutier, Vendée, France)”, Norois, 215: 101–114.Feuillet, T., E. Chauveau, and L. Pourinet (2012), “Xynthia est-elle exceptionnelle? Réflexions sur l’évolution et les temps deretour des tempêtes, des marées de tempête, et des risques de surcotes associés sur la façade atlantique française”, Norois, 222:27–44.Garnier, E., N. Henry, and J. Desarthe (2012), “Visions croisées de l’historien et du courtier en réassurance sur les submersions :recrudescence de l’aléa ou vulnérabilisation croissante ?”, In: Przyluski V. and Hallegatte S., Gestion des risques naturels –Leçons de la tempête Xynthia, Editions Quae, Versailles, France: 105–128.Gornitz, V.M., T.W. Beaty, and R.C. Daniels (1997), A coastal hazards database for the US West Coast ONRL/CDIAC 81 NDP-043 C. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.IPCC CZSM (1992), Global climate change and the rising challenge of the sea. Report of the coastal zone management subgroup.IPCC response strategies working group. Rijkswaterstaat, The Hague.Mercier, D. (2012), Xynthia, regards de la géographie, du droit et de l’histoire, Norois, Editions Presses Universitaires deRennes, Rennes, France: 114p.Mercier, D. and C. Chadenas (2012), “La tempête Xynthia et la cartographie des « zones noires » sur le littoral français: analysecritique à partir de l'exemple de La Faute-sur-Mer (Vendée)”, Norois, 222:45–60.Romieu, E. and C. Vinchon (2009), Evaluation de la vulnérabilité en zone cotière : état de l’art et analyse critique. Rapport final.BRGM/RP-57389. 188p.UNEP (2005), Assessing coastal vulnerability. Developing a global index for measuring risk. 54p.Vinet, F., S. Defossez, T. Rey, and L. Boissier (2012a), “Le processus de production du risque « submersion marine » en zonelittorale: l’exemple des territoires « Xynthia » ”, Norois, 222:11–26.Vinet, F., D. Lumbroso, S. Defossez, and L. Boissier (2012b), “A comparative analysis of the loss of life during two recent floodsin France: the sea surge caused by the storm Xynthia and the flash flood in Var”, Natural Hazards, 61 (3):1179–1201.202
Using virtual environments to geovisualize the fate of debris disposed of at seaNicholas Benoy & Nick HedleySpatial Interface Research Lab, Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V7A 1S6, Canadandb3@sfu.ca, hedley@sfu.caAbstractThis paper describes the development of a 3D virtual environment (VE) to visualize the phenomenon of oceandisposal near Point Grey, British Columbia, Canada. The VE uses Unity3D, a game engine with functional 3Dphysics to provide an interactive, taskable ocean debris visualization sandbox. Users are able to examine the pathdebris takes from its dumping point to the ocean floor while being acted upon by gravity and ocean currents. Theinteractive geovisualization aims to give scientists and concerned citizens a better understanding of the spatial,temporal and dynamic factors influencing debris disposal in three dimensions.IntroductionPrior to the early 1970s, Canadian oceans were widely regarded as a dumping ground for solid waste, such asengine blocks and other garbage destined for landfills (Environment Canada, 2010). International acknowledgementof these practices as detrimental to the health of ocean ecosystems led to the 1972 Convention on the Prevention ofMarine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter. Yet marine dumping of various forms has continued.Environment Canada was delegated the task of running a permit system for previously unregulated waste disposalinto the ocean. It is important to note that ocean disposal is only practiced when no other viable land-basedalternative exists. Approved material for disposal at sea includes: sand dredged from river corridors; fish waste fromplants in remote locations; unused ships; and material from rock slides on remote roads along the coast.Visualizing the out-of-sight and out-of-mindCurrently, scientists in Environment Canada's ‘Disposal at Sea’ program do not have the tools to adequatelyvisualize disposal sites in three dimensions. They are currently limited to 2.5-dimensional representations usingArcScene (a popular ‘3D perspective’ geographic information system (GIS) visualization application). The problemsassociated with this are twofold: (1) due to the cost of maintaining an ArcGIS license, not every scientist is able toeasily access spatial information; (2) the software is difficult to use for those without specialized training.Furthermore, Environment Canada relies on external organizations to simulate the fate of materials disposed of atsea. The research described in this paper implements a visualization that reveals the temporal and spatial dynamicsof this normally invisible part of debris disposal at sea. This visualization approach is delivered using an interactive,user-driven application that can be accessed and used by expert and non-expert stakeholders alike. This in turn mayhelp to build consensus about marine dumping and related issues, which continue to be difficult for citizens tounderstand.Debris in the Deep: an interactive debris end-of-life sandbox VEThe Debris in the Deep Unity3D ‘virtual sandbox’ supports interactive 3D physics based geovisualization ofmarine debris dumping scenarios in bathymetric environments. It provides a new form of geovisual debris analysisfor experts and non-experts. Debris simulations can be customized, enabling rapid exploration of scenarios(quantity, material and mass of debris; different dumping patterns). Geovisual analytics features (such as debris pathrendering) enable visual analysis of differential currents’ influence on debris as it sinks. Combined with highresolutionbathymetry data, this system also allows users to view the movement of objects once they reach the oceanfloor. Debris in the Deep is a ‘sandbox virtual environment’ in the sense that it is a topologically three dimensionalvirtual environment in which the user can control and modify the location and configuration of debris and its releasewithin a volumetric 3D physics-capable geovisualization scene with real bathymetric data. The current virtual203
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CoastGIS Conference 2013: Monitorin
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Coastal vulnerability index to glob
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generating probabilities contours f
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