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maps, the most critical conditions for the concerned area must be considered, especially those related to oil dispersionand its probability of reaching the coast. The proposed approach also presents more realistic and detailed conditionsrelated to an oil spill episode and, therefore, may support more effective actions to protect coastal environments,in case of an accident.AcknowledgmentsWe acknowledge financial support from FAPESP, through postdoctoral fellowship (Proceeding 2012/14508).ReferencesBrasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2004), Especificações e Normas Técnicas para a Elaboração de Cartas de SensibilidadeAmbiental para derramamentos de óleo, Brasília, 107p.Brasil (2008), Resolução CONAMA n°398, de 11 de junho de 2008. Dispõe sobre o conteúdo mínimo do Plano de EmergênciaIndividual para incidentes de poluição por óleo em águas sob jurisdição nacional, originados em portos organizados,instalações portuárias, terminais, dutos, sondas terrestres, plataformas e suas instalações de apoio, refinarias, estaleiros,marinas, clubes náuticos e instalações similares, e orienta a sua elaboração. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil,Brasília, 12 Jun. 2008.French-McCay, D.P. (2004), “Oil Spill Impact Modeling: Development and Validation”, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,23(10):2441–2456.Junoy, J., C. Castellanos, J.M. Viétez, M.R. De La Huz, and M. Lastra (2005), “The macroinfauna of the Galician Sandy beaches(NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil-spill”. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50:526–536.Kostka, J.E., O. Prakash, W.A. Overholt, S.J. Green, G. Freyer, A, Canion, J. Delgardio, N. Norton, T.C. Hazen, and M. Huettel(2011), “Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and the bacterial community response in Gulf of Mexico Beach Sands Impacted bythe Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Nov:7962–7974.NOAA (2002), Environmental sensitivity index guidelines. version 3.0. NOAA Technical memorandum NOS ORCA 115, HazardousMaterials Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, USA, 89p.Olita, A., A. Cucco, S. Simeone, A. Ribotti, L. Fazioli, B. Sorgente, and R. Sorgente (2012), “Oil spill hazard and risk assessmentfor the shorelines of a Mediterranean coastal archipelago”. Ocean & Coastal Management, 57:44–52.Ramseur, J.L. (2010), Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The Fate of the Oil. Congressional Research Service, Retrieved from:http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41531.pdf. Accessed: 28 Jun. 2012.Romero, A.F., P.S. Riedel, and J.C.C. Milanelli (2010), “Carta de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Óleo do Sistema Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape, Litoral Sul de São Paulo”. Revista Brasileira de Cartografia, 62(1):229–238.Romero, A. F., P.S. Riedel, J.C.C. Milanelli, and A.C.R. Lammardo (2011), “Mapa de Vulnerabilidade Ambiental ao Óleo – UmEstudo de Caso na Bacia de Santos, Brasil”. Revista Brasileira de Cartografia, 63(3):315–332.Silva, G. H., S.O.F.L. Lima, S.O. Araújo, and C.C. Gomes (2012), “Mapeamento da Vulnerabilidade Ambiental a Derrames deÓleo em Ambientes Costeiros”. Proceedings of I Congresso Brasileiro de Avaliação de Impacto. São Paulo, Brasil, 1–10.UNCTAD (2011), Review of maritime transport 2011. UNCTAD/RMT/2011 - UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION - Salesno.E.11.II.D.4. New York, Geneva, 213p.UNCTAD (2012), Review of maritime transport 2012. UNCTAD/RMT/2012 - UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION - Salesno.E.12.II.D.17. New York, Geneva, 176p.Van de Wiel, G., Van Dorp, J. R. (2011), “An oil outflow model for tanker collisions and groundings”. Ann Oper. Res., 187:279–304.48
Ecosystem based adaptation in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, West Indies:changing perception and supporting decisionsJohn E. Knowles 1 , Hayden Billingy 2 , Shawn W. Margles 3 , Vera N. Agostini 1 , Ben Gilmer 4 , Lynnette Roth 5 ,Juliana Castaño 6 , Steven R. Schill 7 & Gregg E. Moore 81 The Nature Conservancy, Coral Gables, FL 33134, USAjknowles@tnc.org, vagostini@tnc.org2 National Parks, Rivers and Beaches Authority, Stoney Grounds, St. Vincent, West Indiesnationalparkssvg@gmail.com3 The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USAsmargles@tnc.org4 Downstream Strategies, Seattle, WA 98101, USAbgilmer@downstreamstrategies.com5 The Nature Conservancy, Merritt Island, FL 32953, USAlroth@tnc.org6 The Nature Conservancy, Bogota, Columbiajcastano@tnc.org7 The Nature Conservancy, Provo, UT 84602, USAsschill@tnc.org8 University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USAgregg.moore@unh.eduAbstractSmall islands are adapting to inundation from storm surge and sea level rise by largely choosing strategies thatinclude shoreline hardening which can handicap and exclude natural communities. Incorporating nature basedsolutions to mitigate inundation impacts on human communities is termed Ecosystem Based Adaptation. The NatureConservancy is working to reduce vulnerabilities from inundation by changing perceptions about shorelinehardening that include nature based solutions. With help from the National Parks, Rivers and Beaches Authority ofSaint Vincent and the Grenadines, we are demonstrating how this can be done with tropical island habitats. Raisingawareness and supporting decisions to reduce vulnerability has been facilitated by the use of three geographic baseddecision support tools; open source GIS software training of government employees and community leaders,participatory 3D mapping and interactive web mapping. The result of this work has impacted perceptions byproviding creative ways to visualize inundation scenarios.IntroductionCoastal areas and small islands are already adapting to cope with impacts from storm surge and sea level rise(SLR) (Hale et al., 2009). The adaptation strategies chosen often depend on the perception that decision makers andcommunities have about what will reduce their vulnerabilities. The decisions being made on pre-existing knowledgeand perceptions greatly impact both the human and natural communities that exist along the coast. The traditionalcontemporary way to reduce vulnerability of human communities is to use grey infrastructure such as seawalls andshoreline hardening. Mounting evidence suggests that external costs can be offset if these efforts are complementedby nature based solutions that either enhance or restore ecosystems (Beck and Shepard, 2012). The concept of usingnature to protect human communities from the effects of climate change has been termed “Ecosystem BasedAdaptation” or EBA. Currently, the Nature Conservancy, along with a host of partners, is involved in an innovativeEBA project titled At the Water’s Edge (AWE) to apply this concept in the context of the small tropical islands inthe eastern Caribbean.A key component of the project is a GIS-based methodology to understand and map socioeconomic andecological vulnerability. The products derived from this methodology directly feed into mapping and visualizationtools for the purpose of awareness raising or helping to change existing perceptions and support decisions that arebeing made about how best to allocate resources for reducing coastal vulnerability. Three main approaches have49
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