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11 th International Symposium for GIS and Computer Cartography for Coastal Zones Managementing this data with different economic, social and ecological aspects (such as the number of inhabitants potentiallyaffected, sensitive buildings (e.g., schools, hospitals), the type of economic activity, and industrial installations thatmight cause accidental pollution in case of flooding) several thematic maps can be designed. Figure 1 shows someexamples of thematic maps used to support flood risk management, such as flood extent, flood probability, floodacceptability, and flood risk maps.Figure 1. Example of thematic maps used to support flood risk management.The maps provided in Figure 1 were developed taking into account the current mean sea level and result from thecombination of scenarios 1, 4 and 7 of Table1. Thus, i) the flood extent map illustrates the maximum flood extentgiven by scenario 1 (which also includes the flood extent of scenarios 4 and 7); ii) the flood probability map indicatesthe likelihood of a certain geographic area to be flooded (probability is higher if there is overlap of the threescenarios and lower if there is no overlap at all); iii) the flood acceptability map is a preliminary analysis of thedegree of acceptability based on the land use (degrees of acceptability were assigned to each land use class); and iv)the flood risk map results from a combined analysis of flood probability and flood acceptability, based on a riskassessment matrix. Furthermore, by anticipating some structural and non-structural measures we can, for example,simulate the response of the system by introducing them in the hydrodynamic model grid and analyse the outcomes,benefits and weaknesses.68
11 th International Symposium for GIS and Computer Cartography for Coastal Zones ManagementConcluding remarksFlood maps are used by different end-users (e.g., general public, decision-makers, public technical services, privatecompanies) and with different purposes (e.g., public awareness, flood risk management, land-use planning andemergency planning). Therefore, flood maps must be designed to meet the end-users needs, which means that thescale (local, regional or national) and content of flood maps must be carefully selected (EXCIMAP, 2007).The use of scenarios and visualization tools contributes to improving the understanding of flood risk and vulnerabilityto climate changes. Also, by illustrating possible consequences of climate variation and possible responses ofthe system to management options, scenarios provide a basis for discussion, helping decision-makers and stakeholdersto make informed decisions.AcknowledgmentsThis study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the researchproject ADAPTARia (PTDC/AAC-CLI/100953/2008) and LTER-RAVE (LTER/BIA-BEC/0063/2009), co-fundedby COMPETE/QREN/UE. FCT also supported this study through the PhD grants SFRH/BD/79170/2011(L.P. Sousa), SFRH/BD/78345/2011 (C.L. Lopes) and SFRH/BD/90286/2012 (A. Azevedo).ReferencesBerry, R. and G. Higgs (2012), “Gauging levels of public acceptance of the use of visualisation tools in promoting public participation;a case study of wind farm planning in South Wales, UK”. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,55(2):229–251.Dias, J.M., J.F. Lopes, and I. Dekeyser (2000), “Tidal propagation in Ria de Aveiro lagoon, Portugal”. Physics and Chemistry ofthe Earth (B), 25(4):369–374.EEA (2010), Mapping the impacts of natural hazards and technological accidents in Europe - An overview of the last decade.European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 144p.EXCIMAP (2007), Handbook on good practices for flood mapping in Europe. European exchange circle on flood mapping. 57p.Gray, S., A. Chan, D. Clark, R. Jordan (2012), “Modeling the integration of stakeholder knowledge in social–ecological decisionmaking:Benefits and limitations to knowledge diversity”. Ecological Modelling, 229:88–96.Gray, S.R.J., R. Canessa, D. Bartlett, H. Huang, S.A. Gray, and M. Falaleeva (2011), “Seeing another’s perspective: the role ofspatialised fuzzy cognitive mapping and visualisation in conflict resolution, stakeholder participation and knowledge integrationfor marine spatial planning”. In: Booklet of LOICZ Open Science Conference 2011 - Coastal Systems, Global Change andSustainability, Yantai, China: 145.INE (2011), Census 2011. Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Portugal (www.ine.pt, accessed on September 2012).IPCC (2007), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of the Working Group I to the Fourth AssessmentReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA,996p.Lewis, J.L., J.M. Casello and M. Groulx (2012), “Effective Environmental Visualization for Urban Planning and Design: InterdisciplinaryReflections on a Rapidly Evolving Technology”. Journal of Urban Technology, 19(3):85–106.Lopes, C.L., P.A. Silva, J.M. Dias A. Rocha, A. Picado, S. Plecha, and A.B. Fortunato (2011), “Local sea level change scenariosfor the end of the 21st century and potential physical impacts in the lower Ria de Aveiro (Portugal)”. Continental Shelf Research,31(14):1515–1526.Merz, B., A.H. Thieken, and M. Gocht (2007), “Flood Risk Mapping at the Local Scale: Concepts and Challenges”. In: Begum,S. et al. (eds.). Flood Risk Management in Europe, 231–251.Pfeiffer, C., S. Glaser, J. Vencatesan, E. Schliermann-Kraus, A. Drescher, and R. Glaser (2008), “Facilitating participatory multileveldecision-making by using interactive mental maps”. Geospatial Health, 3(1):103–112.Vargas, C.I.C. (2012), Salinity patterns adjustment to climate change in Ria de Aveiro. MSc thesis, University of Aveiro, Portugal,62p.White, I., R. Kingston, and A. Barker (2010), “Participatory geographic information systems and public engagement within floodrisk management”. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 3:337–346.69
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