HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

Reviews 217networks of informal education, especially the work of the Enlightenment societyand of the various Ukrainian newspapers, helped to change the life of the peasants,and not only to make them nationally conscious.What emerges from her story is a picture of a large, dynamic community devisingmeans to help itself, using whatever government resources it could. Whatremains unsaid is precisely the issue that should be studied: the policies aimed atimproving the life in the village for peasants and for the clergy. It was the practicalityinherent in the aims of the Ukrainian movement that explained its popularity andnot the ideology in which it became clothed. In other words, nationalism in Galiciawas not an ideological movement; rather, it was aimed at making life better for theresidents of the area.Hryniuk, whose first exposure to Galician Ukrainians was through secondarywritten sources and the written work of the intelligentsia, discovered, on the basis ofpainstaking primary research, that the true story of at least one section of Galiciacould not be placed into the procrustean bed of predetermined notions of backwardnessand development. She documents the beginning of modernity, of the "changefrom adherence to timeless tradition to courageous innovation, from a peasant economygeared to local markets to one which was mtegrated by railways into Europeaneconomy, from throwing off of old fears of authority to the exercise of politicalrights, as well as expansion of knowledge of the wider world which literacy andeducation brought with them and the acceptance of new ideas and techniques" to theperiod of 1880. The next twenty years marked "a tremendous leap" for SouthernPodillia. While this book itself may not mark a "tremendous leap" in scholarship, itdoes provide yet another badly needed step in the study of the history of Ukraine asthe people there lived, not as they were perceived by others. As such, it should bewarmly welcomed by teachers and students of Eastern European history.Martha Bohachevsky-ChomiakMcLean, VirginiaBEYOND NATIONALISM: A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HIS-TORY OF THE HABSBURG OFFICER CORPS 1848-1918. ByIstván Deák. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.xiii, 273 pp.Sixty years ago Oscar Jászi analyzed the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy inmechanical terms of competing centripetal and centrifugal forces. Preeminentamong the centripetal forces, among Jászi's "pillars of internationalism" which heldthe multinational monarchy together, was the Habsburg army. The officers, heargued, were molded by their military education, and moved from land to land, sothat they "represented a certain spirit of internationalism confronted with the impatientand hateful nationalism of their surroundings," and "constituted something likean anational caste." István Deák, in Beyond Nationalism, has written a social history