32 OMELJANPRITSAKLicicaviki," appears suddenly in 963 92as a very sophisticated politician,uniting large territories under his sway. This extraordinary talent wouldmerit the surname "the king of the giants."It is reasonable, therefore, to hypothesize that Ingigerör, the wife ofBurisláfr of Wagria, was the sister of Mesico/Dagr of Poland. The clan ofMesico held marital ties with other Slavic dynasties; Mesico himself wasmarried in 965 to Dobrava, the daughter of the Czech prince Boleslav I(935-971); their son Bolesław took for a wife, in 987, the Wendish (Obotriti?)princess Emenilde. 93 The two clans <strong>also</strong> had in common their "Swedishconnection" (see above, p. 24).It is <strong>also</strong> hardly a coincidence that the rulers of both the Wagri and thePoles first appear on the historical scene at approximately the same time(between 950 and 960). Most likely, they initiated their actions jointly.Two other circumstances corroborate that OT's Wendland was one ofthe Baltic Slavic lands. The first is OT's and Búrizláfr's involvement in theaffairs of Jomsborg, 94which suggests the nearness of their operational baseto that city. The second is Volodimer/Valdemarr's genealogy. The Povëst'vremennyx let clearly states that his maternal grandfather was a certainMal"k" LjubeCanin, i.e., MaT'k" from Ljubeka, 95the Obotriti port town,later called Lübeck in German.The contemporary witness was Widukind of Corvey, who wrote his Renan gestarum Saxonicarum92in 967/968; see the edition by Albert Bauer and Reinhold Rau, Quellen zurGeschichte der sächsischen Kaiserzeit (Dannstadt, 1971), pp. 170, 172, 174. The name Licicavikihas remained a puzzle; see Gerard Labuda and Stanisław Urbańczyk, "Licicaviki," SSS3,pt. 1(1967): 56.93Balzer, Genealogia Piastów, pp. 38-43; Halina Modrzewska, "Dąbrówka," SSS 1(1962): 44; idem, "Emnilda," SSS 1 (1962): 454.94I cannot dwell on the problem of Jómsvíkingar here.95PVL, vol. 1, ed. Lixacev, p. 49 (s.a. 970): "Volodimer" bo bë ot" Malusï kljucnicêOl'ziny; sestra ie bë Dobryn", otee' źe bè ima MaT'k" Ljubecanin", і bë Dobryna uj Volodimeru"[For Volodimer was the son of Malusa, the housekeeper of Ol'ga; she <strong>also</strong> was the sisterof Dobrynja: their father was MaT'k" Ljubecani (=of Ljubeka), and Dobrynja was thus theuncle of Volodimer]. As proven by Aleksej A. Saxmatov, Malusa was the derived form of theOld Norse personal name Málmfríor, according to the PVL, MaT'tred' (< Malmfriôr) died in1000 (ed. Lixacev, vol. 1, p. 88). <strong>See</strong> Saxmatov, Razyskanija о drevnejSix russkix letopisnyxsvodax (St. Petersburg, 1908), pp. 375-77. Interestingly enough, Volodimer's great-greatgreat-grandsonHaraldr-Mstislav, who married Kristin, the daughter of the Swedish king Ingi I,named one of his daughters Málmfríor; she was married to the Norwegian king Sigur6rJórsalafari Magnússon; see Snorri, Hkr 3 (IF 28), ed. Aôalbjamarson (Reykjavik, 1951), p.258.
OLAFR TRYGGVASON AND VOLODIMER THE GREAT 33The conclusion to be drawn from this investigation is that both ОТ andVolodimer found refuge in the lands of the Wagri-Obotriti.III.4.Having hired a sufficient number of Varangian mercenaries, Volodimerreturned to Rus' in 980 and wrested power from Jaropolk. 96But, for someunknown reason, Óláfr did not accompany his former foster-father. 97Indeed, he quit the Baltic Sea altogether and began his harrying career onthe southern shores of the North Sea. 98 His skald Hallfr0or Óttarsson namesat this juncture the lands of Saxony, Frisia, and Flanders. 99 Time interval 6gives the figure of nine years for the duration of that activity—i.e., ОТ harriedin the North Sea between 981 and 989.He then transferred his activity to the British Isles, in particular to England,where he was active for four years prior to his baptism on the Isles ofScilly (time interval 7; i.e., 989-993) and two years thereafter (time interval8; 993-995). OT's activity in England, well-documented in the Englishsources, has been sufficiently researched, so I shall not dwell on it here. 100In 995 ОТ returned to Norway to rule as king; 101five years later (timeinterval 9; the year 1000) he was killed in a battle against the united fleetsof the kings of Denmark and Sweden.Born in the year 956, ОТ was forty-four when he died. This computationcan be corroborated if one totals summation I and all nine time intervals:3 +(1 + 2 + 6 + 9 + 3 + 9 + 4 + 2 +5) = 44.IV.In addition to establishing a chronology for the pre-royal period of OT'slife, and, in particular, to determining the year of his birth, this study hasyielded some results which, it is hoped, can be applied generally to sagastudies. These results are the following:96PVL, ed. Lixacev, vol. 1, pp. 54-56; Eng. trans.: Cross, pp. 178-80.97I have made some suggestions regarding this in The Origin of Rus', vol. 2 (in preparation).98According to the Kngeyrar hagiographers (Oddr et al.), ОТ did return to Rus' to play thedecisive role in that land's conversion to Christianity. But that supposed activity of ОТ, like hisencounters after his physical death in the S void battle (A.D. 1000), are not the subject of historicalinquiry. On this see Ljaäcenko, Saha, esp. pp. 9-10, and Elena A. Rydzevskaja, "Legendaо knjaze Vladimere ν sage ob Olafe Trjuggvasone," TODRL 2 (1935), esp. pp. 13-18.99"Óláfsdrapa (996)," strophes 6-7, ed. Finnur Jónsson, Den Norsk-hlandske Skjaldedigtning,vol. 1, pt. A, Tekst efter Hdndskrifterne (Copenhagen, 1908), pp. 157-58 = Ernst A.Kock, Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen, vol. 1 (Lund, 1946), p. 81.100<strong>See</strong> Sir Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1971), pp. 375-80.101The literature is given in fh. 1.
- Page 1 and 2: HARVARDUKRAINIAN STUDIESVolume XVI
- Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSARTICLESOn the Chronology o
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82 PETER A. ROLLANDboth Polacki's w
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84 PETER A. ROLLANDBogactwo z corą
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88 DARIUSZ KOŁODZIEJCZYKthe sixtee
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BEYLERBEYIS OF KAWJANEC'*8Nicknames
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G. L. Piatakov (1890-1937): A Mirro
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104 ANDREA GRAZIOSILastly, Piatakov
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106 ANDREA GRAZIOSIfirst system of
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150 ANDREA GRAZIOSIIn October 1925,
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168 В. N. FLORJAof the history of
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170 В. N. FLORJAthe Lviv Chronicle
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172 В. N. FLORJATranscription(CGAD
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ESSAY*Ukraine between East and West
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176 ШСЖ SEVĞENKOof the West and
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178 fflOR SEVCENKOVenetian elements
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REVIEW ARTICLESA Bibliographic Key
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186 MARTA TARNAWSKYthought-out and
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200 ReviewsThe number of entries (a
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