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98 DARIUSZ KOŁODZIEJCZYKConsidering Heath Lowry's skepticism about the usefulness of defters asdemographic sources, 31close examination of the Podilljan mufassal is farfrom discouraging. Whereas the Polish inventories and poll-tax registersfrom the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries mentioned fewer than sevenhundred settlements in Podillja, the defter-i mufassal lists over eighthundred—even more than on the best maps from the nineteenth century.Another point to note is that almost 70 percent of these settlements weredeserted (hali ez reayet). The population of Podillja was estimated at 96,000by the end of the sixteenth century; 32in 1662, after Xmel'nyc'kyj's uprising,it was only 55,000; 33and, according to the mufassal, in 1680 the population,excluding the soldiers of the garrison, did not exceed 40,000. 34Thecatastrophic depopulation in the seventeenth-century Commonwealth wasparticularly extreme in Podillja. In addition to the Cossack uprisings, Tatarraids, Polish pacifications, and the robberies, plagues, and climatic changesusually linked with the seventeenth-century global crisis, the Ottomansplayed their part in depopulating that particular province. They cannot,however, be held solely responsible, as has been done before. On the contrary,the Ottomans made some effort to resettle the province, especially theDniester region (Podnistrov' 'ja; Polish, Podniestrze).Their efforts, however, did not bring sufficient results. In the spring of1683, just before the new war, the beylerbeyi of KanVjanec', who alreadyenjoyed extra income (arpalık) from the Bulgarian sancak of Nikopol', wasgiven, in addition, a yearly salary (salariye) from the Anatolian sancak ofBolu, because the peasants in his has domain in Podillja had not yetreturned (reaya henüz yerlerine gelmedi). 35According to the Ottoman provincial budget drawn up in 1681, thirteenmillion akçe were spent yearly in Kam'^anec', primarily for soldiers' pay(mevacib). Of this amount, less than 3 percent was collected in Podillja31See H. Lowry, "The Ottoman Tahrir Defterleri as a Source for Social and Economic History:Pitfalls and Limitations," unpublished paper prepared forCongress on Turkish Social and Economic History, Munich, 4-8 August 1986.32the Fourth InternationalA. Jabłonowski, Polska XVI wieku pod względem geograficzno-statystycznym, vol. 8,Ziemie Ruskie, Wołyń i Podole, Źródła dziejowe, 19 (Warsaw, 1889), pp. 12,62,73.33AGAD, ASK, oddz. I, sygn. 71, Pogłowne generalne (Poll-tax register from 1662);author's estimations. On the general depopulation of Podillja in that period, see M. Krykun,"Vazlive dźerelo dlja vyvcennja istorii mist i sil Ukrajiny (Lustracija Podil's'koho vojevodstva1665 r.)," Naukovo-informacijnyi biuleten' Arxivnoho upravlinnja URSR, 1963, no. 2/3, pp.23-24.3435BA, Tapu Tahrir, no. 805.BA, Ali Emiri, IV. Mehmed, no. 1659 (berat issued for Abdurrahman Paşa). The sameorder is confirmed in Ahkam defteri (BA, MM 2931, p. 29).