Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

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SP-1231 106 Hammer, C. & Maurette, M. (1996). Micrometeorite flux on <strong>the</strong> melt zone of <strong>the</strong> West Greenland ice sheet. Meteorites Planet. Sci. 31, A56. Harvey, R.P. & McSween, H.Y. (1996). A possible high temperature orig<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> carbonates <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> martian meteorite ALH84001. Nature 382, 49-51. Jagoutz, E. & Wänke, H. (1986). Sr and Nd isotope systematics of Shergotty meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 939-953. Kerridge, J.F. (1983). Isotopic composition of carbonacous chondrite kerogen: evidence <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>terstellar orig<strong>in</strong> of organic matter <strong>in</strong> meteorites. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letts. 64, 186-200. Kerridge, J.F. (1985). Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen <strong>in</strong> carbonacous chondrites. Abundances and isotopic compositions <strong>in</strong> bulk samples. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 1707-1714. Kurat, G., Koeberl, Ch., Presper, Th., Brandsratter, F. & Maurette, M. (1994). Petrology and geochemistry of Antarctic micrometeorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3879-3904. Kvenvolden, K.A., Lawless, J.G. & Ponnamperuma, C. (1971). Non-prote<strong>in</strong> am<strong>in</strong>o acids <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Murchison Meteorite. Proc. National Acad. Science 68, 486-490. Kvenvolden, K.A., Lawless, J.G., Per<strong>in</strong>g, K., Peterson, E., Flores, J., Ponnamperuma, C., Kaplan, I.R. & Moore, C. (1970). Evidence <strong>for</strong> extraterrestrial am<strong>in</strong>o acids and hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Murchison meteorite. Nature 228, 923-926. Love, S.G. & Brownlee, D.E. (1993). A direct measurement of <strong>the</strong> terrestrial mass accretion rate of cosmic dust. Science 262, 550-553. L<strong>in</strong>dstrom, M.M., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Mart<strong>in</strong>ez, R.R., Lipshutz, M.E. & Wang, M.S. (1989). Geochemistry of Yamato 82192, 86032 and 793274. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarctic Meteorites 4, 12-32. McElroy, M.B., Yung, Y.L. & Nier, A.O. (1976). Isotopic composition of nitrogen – implication <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> past history of Mars’ atmosphere. Science 194, 70-72. McKay, D.S., Gibson, E.K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C.S., Clemett, S.J., Chellier, X.D.F., Maechl<strong>in</strong>g, C.R. & Zare, R.N. (1996). <strong>Search</strong> <strong>for</strong> past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity <strong>in</strong> martian meteorite ALH84001. Science 273, 924-930. McNaughton, N.J., Borthwick, J., Fallick, A.E. & Pill<strong>in</strong>ger, C.T. (1981). Deuterium Hydrogen ratios <strong>in</strong> unequilibrated ord<strong>in</strong>ary chondrites. Nature 294, 639-641. Mittelfehldt, D.W. (1994). ALH84001, a cumulate orthopyroxenite member of <strong>the</strong> martian clan. Meteoritics 29, 214-221. Nagy, B. (1975). Carbonaceous chondrites, Elsevier, Amsterdam, <strong>The</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands. Nagy, B., Claus, G. & Hennessy, D.J. (1972). Organic particles embedded <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>erals <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Argal and Ivuna carbonaceous chondrites. Nature 193, 1129-1133. Nagy, B., Me<strong>in</strong>sche<strong>in</strong>, W.G. & Hennessy, D.J. (1961). Mass Spectroscopic analysis of <strong>the</strong> Argal meteorite: evidence <strong>for</strong> biogenic hydrocarbons. Anol. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 93, 25-35. Romanek, C.S., Grady, M.M., Wright, I.P., Mittelfehldt, P.W., Socki, R.A., Pill<strong>in</strong>ger, C.T. & Gibson, E.K. (1994). Record of fluid-rock <strong>in</strong>teraction on Mars from <strong>the</strong> meteorite ALH84001. Nature 372, 655-657. Rothschild, L.J. & DesMarais, D. (1989). Stable carbon isotope fractionation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> search <strong>for</strong> life on early Mars. Adv. Space Res. 9, 159-165. Scott, E.R.D., Yamaguchi, A. & Krot, A.N. (1997). Petrological Evidence <strong>for</strong> shock melt<strong>in</strong>g of carbonates <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Martian meteorite ALH84001. Nature 387, 377- 379. Schidlowski, M. (1987). Application of stable carbon isotopes to early biochemical evolution on Earth. Ann. Rev. Earth & Planetary Sci. 15, 47-72. Schidlowski, M. (1992). Stable carbon isotopes: possible clues to early life on Mars. Adv. Space Res. 12, 101-110. Schmitt, R.A. & Smith, R.H. (1963). Implications of similarity <strong>in</strong> rare-earth fractionation of nakhlite meteorites and terrestrial basalts. Nature 199, 550-551. Smith, J.W. & Kaplan, I.R. (1970). Endogenous carbon <strong>in</strong> meteorites. Science 167, 1367-1370.
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SP-1231 Exobiology
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Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
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4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
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6 6.2 Imaging of F
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The Exobio
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pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
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Ignasi Casanova, Institute
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I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
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SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
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SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
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SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
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SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
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I.3 Limits of Life
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temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
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(mainly found <str
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cannot exclude fin
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Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
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acid to identify the</stron
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Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Ba
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
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SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
Page 51 and 52: SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
Page 53 and 54: SP-1231 56 The iso
Page 55 and 56: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.2.3/1. Cholester
Page 57 and 58: SP-1231 60 References regard to non
Page 59 and 60: SP-1231 62 Klein,
Page 61 and 62: SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
Page 63 and 64: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
Page 65 and 66: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
Page 67 and 68: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
Page 69 and 70: SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
Page 71 and 72: SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
Page 73 and 74: SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
Page 75 and 76: SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
Page 77 and 78: II.1 Introduction The</stro
Page 79 and 80: II.2 The Planet Ma
Page 81 and 82: cover the range 4.
Page 83 and 84: The depletion of c
Page 85 and 86: valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
Page 87 and 88: plate tectonic evidence has been ob
Page 89 and 90: Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
Page 91 and 92: II.3 The Martian M
Page 93 and 94: principal atmosphe
Page 95 and 96: Lines of evidence
Page 97 and 98: indicated by carbo
Page 99 and 100: quest for
Page 101: Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
Page 105 and 106: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
Page 107 and 108: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
Page 109 and 110: SP-1231 114 Sinuou
Page 111 and 112: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
Page 113 and 114: SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
Page 115 and 116: SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
Page 117 and 118: SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
Page 119 and 120: SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
Page 121 and 122: SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
Page 123 and 124: SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
Page 125 and 126: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
Page 127 and 128: SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
Page 129 and 130: SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
Page 131 and 132: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
Page 133 and 134: SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
Page 135 and 136: SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
Page 137 and 138: SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
Page 139 and 140: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
Page 141 and 142: SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
Page 143 and 144: SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
Page 145 and 146: SP-1231 150 determin</stron
Page 147 and 148: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
Page 149 and 150: SP-1231 154 References achiral colu
Page 151 and 152: II.6 Team III: The
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in width and heigh
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Searchin</
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minerals or oxidat
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A second group of rocks, however, m
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
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The sample materia
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surprising. To ach
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The main</
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Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
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Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
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SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
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SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
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SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
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Team IV was asked to examin
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