Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

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SP-1231 176 References Barbieri, R., d’Onofrio, S., Melis, R. & Westall, F. Calcified bacteria on benthic <strong>for</strong>am<strong>in</strong>ifera <strong>in</strong> Antarctic sediments. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatal., Palaeoecol., In Press. Berner, R.A. (1970). Sedimentary pyrite <strong>for</strong>mation. Amer. J. Sci. 268, 1-23. Berner, R.A. (1984). Sedimentary pyrite <strong>for</strong>mation: an update. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 605-615. Briggs, D.E.G., Bottrell, S.H. & Raiswell, R. (1991). Pyritization of soft-bodied fossils: Beecher’s Trilobite Bed, upper Ordovician, New York State. Geology 19, 1221-1224. Briggs, D.E.G., Raiswell, R., Bottrell, S.H., Hatfield, D. & Bartels, C. (1996). Controls on <strong>the</strong> pyritization of exceptionally preserved fossils: an analysis of <strong>the</strong> lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany. Amer. J. Sci. 296, 633-663. Canfield, D.E. (1989). Reactive iron <strong>in</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 619-632. Gerdes, G. & Krumbe<strong>in</strong>, W.E. (1987). Biolam<strong>in</strong>ated deposits. In Lecture Notes <strong>in</strong> Earth Sciences (Eds. S. Battacharji et al.), Spr<strong>in</strong>ger, Berl<strong>in</strong>, Germany, 183pp. Goldhaber, M.B. & Kaplan, I.R. (1974). <strong>The</strong> Sulfur Cycle. In <strong>The</strong> Sea, 5 (Ed. E. Goldberg), Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp569-655. Golombek, M.P., Cook, R.A., Moore, H.J. & Parker, T.J. (1997). Selection of <strong>the</strong> Mars Pathf<strong>in</strong>der land<strong>in</strong>g site. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 3967-3988. Hask<strong>in</strong>, L.A., Wang, A, Rockow, K.M., Jolliff, B.L., Korotev, R.L. & Viskupic, K.M. (1997). Raman spectroscopy <strong>for</strong> m<strong>in</strong>eral identification and quantification <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong> situ planetary surface analysis: A po<strong>in</strong>t count method. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 19293- 306. Hofmann, B.A. & Farmer, J.D. (1997). Microbial fossils from terrestrial subsurface hydro<strong>the</strong>rmal environments: Examples and implications <strong>for</strong> Mars. In Conference on Early Mars: Geologic and Hydrologic Evolution, Physical and chemical environments, and <strong>the</strong> implications <strong>for</strong> <strong>Life</strong>. LPI Contr. No 916 (Eds. S.M. Clif<strong>for</strong>d et al.), Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, Houston, USA, pp40-41. Hviid, S.F. et al. (1997). Magnetic properties experiments on <strong>the</strong> Mars Pathf<strong>in</strong>der lander. Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary results. Science 278, 1768. Kretzschmar, M. (1982). Fossile Pilze <strong>in</strong> Eisen-Stromatoli<strong>the</strong>n von Warste<strong>in</strong> (Rhe<strong>in</strong>isches Schiefergebirge). Facies 7, 237-260. K<strong>in</strong>nunen, K.A. & L<strong>in</strong>dqvist, K. (1998). Agate as an <strong>in</strong>dicator of impact structures: An example from Saaksjarvi, F<strong>in</strong>land. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33, 7-12. Liebig, K., Westall, F. & Schmitz, M. (1996). A study of fossil microstructures from <strong>the</strong> eocene messel <strong>for</strong>mation us<strong>in</strong>g transmission electron microscopy. N. Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie Mon. 4, 218-231. Monty, C.L.V., Westall, F., & van der Gaast, S. (1991). Diagenesis of siliceous particles <strong>in</strong> sub-antarctic sediments, odp. Leg 114, hole 699a: possible microbial mediation. In Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of <strong>the</strong> ODP Scientific Research, 114 (Eds. P.F. Ciesielski, et al.), ODP, College Station, Texas, USA, pp685-710. Morse, J.W., Millero, F.J., Cornwell, J.C. & Rickard, D. (1987). <strong>The</strong> chemistry of hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide systems <strong>in</strong> natural waters. Earth Sci. Rev. 24, 1- 42. Russell, M.J., Hall, A.J. & Gize, A.P. (1990). Pyrite and <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong> of life. Nature 344, 387. Russell, M.J., Hall, A.J. & Turner, D. (1989). In vitro growth of iron sulphide chimneys: possible culture chambers <strong>for</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>-of-life experiments. Terra Nova 1, 238-241. Rust, G.W. (1935). Colloidal primary copper ores at Cornwall M<strong>in</strong>es, sou<strong>the</strong>astern Missouri. J. Geol. 43, 398-426. Sassano, G.P. & Schrijver, K. (1989). Framboidal pyrite: early diagenetic, late diagenetic, and hydro<strong>the</strong>rmal occurrences from <strong>the</strong> Acton Vale quarry, Cambro- Ordovician, Quebec. American J. Science 289, 167-179. Sawlowicz, Z. (1993). Pyrite framboids and <strong>the</strong>ir development: a new conceptual mechanism. Geol. Rdsch. 82, 148-156.
Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991). Reactions <strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g pyrite and marcasite from solution: I. Nucleation of FeS 2 below 100ºC. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 1495- 1504. Stevens, T.O and McK<strong>in</strong>ley, J.P. (1996). Lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems <strong>in</strong> deep basalt aquifers. Science 270, 450-454. Stevens, T.O. (1997). Subsurface microbiology and <strong>the</strong> evolution of <strong>the</strong> biosphere. In <strong>The</strong> Microbiology of <strong>the</strong> Terrestrial deep subsurface (Eds. A. Penny & D. Haldeman), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, New York, USA, pp205-223. Strauss, H. (1997). <strong>The</strong> isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfur through time. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 132, 97-118. Sweeney, R.E. & Kaplan, I.R. (1973). Pyrite framboid <strong>for</strong>mation: laboratory syn<strong>the</strong>sis and mar<strong>in</strong>e sediments. Econ. Geol. 68, 618-634. Thomas, N., Markiewicz, W.J., Sablotny, R.M., Wuttke, M.W., Keller, H.U., Johnson, J.R., Reid, R.J. & Smith, P.H. (1999). <strong>The</strong> color of <strong>the</strong> martian sky and its <strong>in</strong>fluence on <strong>the</strong> illum<strong>in</strong>ation of <strong>the</strong> martian surface. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, <strong>in</strong> Press. Wächtershäuser, G. (1988). Be<strong>for</strong>e enzymes and templates: <strong>the</strong>ory of surface metabolism. Microbiol. Rev. 52, 452-484. Walter, M.R. & DesMarais, D.J. (1993). Preservation of biological <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal spr<strong>in</strong>g deposits: develop<strong>in</strong>g a strategy <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> search <strong>for</strong> fossil life on Mars. Icarus 101, 129-143. Westall, F. (1999). <strong>The</strong> nature of fossil bacteria: implications <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> search <strong>for</strong> extraterrestrial life. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, <strong>in</strong> Press. Westall, F., Boni, L., & Guerzoni, M.E. (1995). <strong>The</strong> experimental silicification of microorganisms. Palaeontol. 38, 495-528. Wilk<strong>in</strong>, R.T. & Barnes, H.L. (1997). Formation processes of framboidal pyrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 323-339. Wilk<strong>in</strong>, R.T., Barnes, H.L. & Brantley, S.L. (1996). <strong>The</strong> size distribution of framboidal pyrite <strong>in</strong> modern sediments – an <strong>in</strong>dicator of redox conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 3897-3912. Wuttke, M. (1983). ‘Weichteileerhaltung’ durch litifizierte Mokroorganismen bei mittel-eozaenen Vertebraten aus dem Oelschiefern der ‘Grube Messel’ bei Darmstadt. Senckenbergiana lethaia 65, 509-527. team III: <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>spection of subsurface aliquots and surface rocks/II.6 177
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SP-1231 Exobiology
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Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
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4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
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6 6.2 Imaging of F
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The Exobio
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pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
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Ignasi Casanova, Institute
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I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
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SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
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SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
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SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
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SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
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I.3 Limits of Life
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temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
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(mainly found <str
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cannot exclude fin
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Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
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acid to identify the</stron
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Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Ba
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
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SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
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SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
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SP-1231 56 The iso
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SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.2.3/1. Cholester
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SP-1231 60 References regard to non
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SP-1231 62 Klein,
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SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
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SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
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SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
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SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
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SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
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II.1 Introduction The</stro
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II.2 The Planet Ma
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cover the range 4.
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The depletion of c
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valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
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plate tectonic evidence has been ob
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Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
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II.3 The Martian M
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principal atmosphe
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Lines of evidence
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indicated by carbo
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quest for
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Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
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Urey, H.C. (1968). Origin</
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
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SP-1231 114 Sinuou
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
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SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
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SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
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SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
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Page 133 and 134: SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
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Page 141 and 142: SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
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Page 151 and 152: II.6 Team III: The
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Page 155 and 156: Searchin</
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Page 161 and 162: SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
Page 163 and 164: The sample materia
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