SP-1231 106 Hammer, C. & Maurette, M. (1996). Micrometeorite flux <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> melt z<strong>on</strong>e of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> West Greenland ice sheet. Meteorites Planet. Sci. 31, A56. Harvey, R.P. & McSween, H.Y. (1996). A possible high temperature orig<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> carb<strong>on</strong>ates <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> martian meteorite ALH84001. Nature 382, 49-51. Jagoutz, E. & Wänke, H. (1986). Sr and Nd isotope systematics of Shergotty meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 939-953. Kerridge, J.F. (1983). Isotopic compositi<strong>on</strong> of carb<strong>on</strong>acous ch<strong>on</strong>drite kerogen: evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terstellar orig<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> of organic matter <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> meteorites. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letts. 64, 186-200. Kerridge, J.F. (1985). Carb<strong>on</strong>, hydrogen, nitrogen <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> carb<strong>on</strong>acous ch<strong>on</strong>drites. Abundances and isotopic compositi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> bulk samples. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 1707-1714. Kurat, G., Koeberl, Ch., Presper, Th., Brandsratter, F. & Maurette, M. (1994). Petrology and geochemistry of Antarctic micrometeorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3879-3904. Kvenvolden, K.A., Lawless, J.G. & P<strong>on</strong>namperuma, C. (1971). N<strong>on</strong>-prote<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> am<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>o acids <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Murchis<strong>on</strong> Meteorite. Proc. Nati<strong>on</strong>al Acad. Science 68, 486-490. Kvenvolden, K.A., Lawless, J.G., Per<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g, K., Peters<strong>on</strong>, E., Flores, J., P<strong>on</strong>namperuma, C., Kaplan, I.R. & Moore, C. (1970). Evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> extraterrestrial am<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>o acids and hydrocarb<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Murchis<strong>on</strong> meteorite. Nature 228, 923-926. Love, S.G. & Brownlee, D.E. (1993). A direct measurement of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> terrestrial mass accreti<strong>on</strong> rate of cosmic dust. Science 262, 550-553. L<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dstrom, M.M., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Mart<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ez, R.R., Lipshutz, M.E. & Wang, M.S. (1989). Geochemistry of Yamato 82192, 86032 and 793274. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarctic Meteorites 4, 12-32. McElroy, M.B., Yung, Y.L. & Nier, A.O. (1976). Isotopic compositi<strong>on</strong> of nitrogen – implicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past history of <strong>Mars</strong>’ atmosphere. Science 194, 70-72. McKay, D.S., Gibs<strong>on</strong>, E.K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C.S., Clemett, S.J., Chellier, X.D.F., Maechl<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g, C.R. & Zare, R.N. (1996). <str<strong>on</strong>g>Search</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> past life <strong>on</strong> <strong>Mars</strong>: possible relic biogenic activity <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> martian meteorite ALH84001. Science 273, 924-930. McNaught<strong>on</strong>, N.J., Borthwick, J., Fallick, A.E. & Pill<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ger, C.T. (1981). Deuterium Hydrogen ratios <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> unequilibrated ord<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ary ch<strong>on</strong>drites. Nature 294, 639-641. Mittelfehldt, D.W. (1994). ALH84001, a cumulate orthopyroxenite member of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> martian clan. Meteoritics 29, 214-221. Nagy, B. (1975). Carb<strong>on</strong>aceous ch<strong>on</strong>drites, Elsevier, Amsterdam, <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ne<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rlands. Nagy, B., Claus, G. & Hennessy, D.J. (1972). Organic particles embedded <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> m<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>erals <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Argal and Ivuna carb<strong>on</strong>aceous ch<strong>on</strong>drites. Nature 193, 1129-1133. Nagy, B., Me<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>sche<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>, W.G. & Hennessy, D.J. (1961). Mass Spectroscopic analysis of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Argal meteorite: evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> biogenic hydrocarb<strong>on</strong>s. Anol. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 93, 25-35. Romanek, C.S., Grady, M.M., Wright, I.P., Mittelfehldt, P.W., Socki, R.A., Pill<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ger, C.T. & Gibs<strong>on</strong>, E.K. (1994). Record of fluid-rock <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>teracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Mars</strong> from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meteorite ALH84001. Nature 372, 655-657. Rothschild, L.J. & DesMarais, D. (1989). Stable carb<strong>on</strong> isotope fracti<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> search <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> life <strong>on</strong> early <strong>Mars</strong>. Adv. Space Res. 9, 159-165. Scott, E.R.D., Yamaguchi, A. & Krot, A.N. (1997). Petrological Evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> shock melt<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g of carb<strong>on</strong>ates <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Martian meteorite ALH84001. Nature 387, 377- 379. Schidlowski, M. (1987). Applicati<strong>on</strong> of stable carb<strong>on</strong> isotopes to early biochemical evoluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Earth. Ann. Rev. Earth & Planetary Sci. 15, 47-72. Schidlowski, M. (1992). Stable carb<strong>on</strong> isotopes: possible clues to early life <strong>on</strong> <strong>Mars</strong>. Adv. Space Res. 12, 101-110. Schmitt, R.A. & Smith, R.H. (1963). Implicati<strong>on</strong>s of similarity <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> rare-earth fracti<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> of nakhlite meteorites and terrestrial basalts. Nature 199, 550-551. Smith, J.W. & Kaplan, I.R. (1970). Endogenous carb<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> meteorites. Science 167, 1367-1370.
Urey, H.C. (1968). Orig<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> of some meteorites from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mo<strong>on</strong>. Naturwissenschaften 55, 177-181. Wass<strong>on</strong>, J.T. & We<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rill, G.W. (1979). Dynamical chemical and isotopic evidence regard<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>mati<strong>on</strong> locati<strong>on</strong>s of asteroids and meteorites <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> asteroids, Univ. of Ariz<strong>on</strong>a Press, Tucs<strong>on</strong>, Ariz<strong>on</strong>a, USA, pp926-974. Wright, I.P., Grady, M.M. & Pill<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ger, C.T. (1989). Organic materials <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> a Martian meteorite. Nature 340, 220-222. Wright, I.P., Grady, M.M. & Pill<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ger, C.T. (1997a). Evidence relevant to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> life <strong>on</strong> <strong>Mars</strong> debate (1) 14 C results. Lunar and Planetary Sci. 28, 1585-1586. Wright, I.P., Grady, M.M. & Pill<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ger, C.T. (1997b). Isotopically light carb<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> ALH 84001: Martian metabolism or Tefl<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tam<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ati<strong>on</strong>? Lunar and Planetary Sci. 28, 1591-1592. Yuen, G., Blair, N., DesMarais, D.J. & Chang, S. (1984). Carb<strong>on</strong> isotope compositi<strong>on</strong> of low molecular weight hydrocarb<strong>on</strong>s and m<strong>on</strong>ocarboxylic acids from Murchis<strong>on</strong> meteorite. Nature 307, 252-254. Yuen, G.U. & Kvenvolden, K.A. (1973). M<strong>on</strong>ocarboxylic acids <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Murray and Murchis<strong>on</strong> carb<strong>on</strong>aceous meteorites. Nature 246, 301-302. <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> martian meteorites/II.3 107
- Page 1 and 2:
SP-1231 Exobiology
- Page 3 and 4:
Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
- Page 5 and 6:
4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
- Page 7 and 8:
6 6.2 Imaging of F
- Page 9 and 10:
The Exobio
- Page 11 and 12:
pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
- Page 13 and 14:
Ignasi Casanova, Institute
- Page 15 and 16:
I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
- Page 17 and 18:
SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
- Page 19 and 20:
SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
- Page 21 and 22:
SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
- Page 23 and 24:
SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
- Page 25 and 26:
I.3 Limits of Life
- Page 27 and 28:
temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
- Page 29 and 30:
(mainly found <str
- Page 31 and 32:
cannot exclude fin
- Page 33 and 34:
Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
- Page 35 and 36:
acid to identify the</stron
- Page 37 and 38:
Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Ba
- Page 39 and 40:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
- Page 41 and 42:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
- Page 43 and 44:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
- Page 45 and 46:
SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
- Page 47 and 48:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
- Page 49 and 50:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
- Page 51 and 52: SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
- Page 53 and 54: SP-1231 56 The iso
- Page 55 and 56: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.2.3/1. Cholester
- Page 57 and 58: SP-1231 60 References regard to non
- Page 59 and 60: SP-1231 62 Klein,
- Page 61 and 62: SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
- Page 63 and 64: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
- Page 65 and 66: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
- Page 67 and 68: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
- Page 69 and 70: SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
- Page 71 and 72: SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
- Page 73 and 74: SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
- Page 75 and 76: SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
- Page 77 and 78: II.1 Introduction The</stro
- Page 79 and 80: II.2 The Planet Ma
- Page 81 and 82: cover the range 4.
- Page 83 and 84: The depletion of c
- Page 85 and 86: valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
- Page 87 and 88: plate tectonic evidence has been ob
- Page 89 and 90: Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
- Page 91 and 92: II.3 The Martian M
- Page 93 and 94: principal atmosphe
- Page 95 and 96: Lines of evidence
- Page 97 and 98: indicated by carbo
- Page 99 and 100: quest for
- Page 101: Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
- Page 105 and 106: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
- Page 107 and 108: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
- Page 109 and 110: SP-1231 114 Sinuou
- Page 111 and 112: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
- Page 113 and 114: SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
- Page 115 and 116: SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
- Page 117 and 118: SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
- Page 119 and 120: SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
- Page 121 and 122: SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
- Page 123 and 124: SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
- Page 125 and 126: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
- Page 127 and 128: SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
- Page 129 and 130: SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
- Page 131 and 132: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
- Page 133 and 134: SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
- Page 135 and 136: SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
- Page 137 and 138: SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
- Page 139 and 140: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
- Page 141 and 142: SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
- Page 143 and 144: SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
- Page 145 and 146: SP-1231 150 determin</stron
- Page 147 and 148: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
- Page 149 and 150: SP-1231 154 References achiral colu
- Page 151 and 152: II.6 Team III: The
- Page 153 and 154:
in width and heigh
- Page 155 and 156:
Searchin</
- Page 157 and 158:
minerals or oxidat
- Page 159 and 160:
A second group of rocks, however, m
- Page 161 and 162:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
- Page 163 and 164:
The sample materia
- Page 165 and 166:
surprising. To ach
- Page 167 and 168:
The main</
- Page 169 and 170:
Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
- Page 171 and 172:
Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
- Page 173 and 174:
SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
- Page 175 and 176:
SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
- Page 177 and 178:
SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
- Page 179 and 180:
Team IV was asked to examin