Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

More documents

Recommendations

Info

team II: <strong>the</strong> search <strong>for</strong> chemical <strong>in</strong>dicators of life/II.5 RECOMMENDED PAYLOAD AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH PROGRAMME Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account <strong>the</strong> mass, power and volume restrictions, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>strumentation appears to be essential <strong>for</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> exobiological objectives of <strong>the</strong> package as described earlier <strong>in</strong> this document. FIRST PRIORITY Microscope: <strong>for</strong> general exam<strong>in</strong>ation of <strong>the</strong> samples – resolution: 3 µm – mass: 250 g (100 g, with <strong>the</strong> close-up imager but with 50 µm resolution) – heritage: Beagle-2 Raman spectroscopy: molecular analysis of m<strong>in</strong>erals and organics (with IR) – must <strong>in</strong>clude near IR excitation <strong>for</strong> biological applications, as well as geochemical – spectral range: 200-3500 cm -1 – resolution: 8 cm -1 – projected mass: 1 kg – heritage: Mars Surveyor 2001 APX Spectrometer: elemental analysis, detection limit a few 0.1% – mass: 570 g – power: 340 mW – data output: 16 Kbytes per sample analysis – heritage: Mars Pathf<strong>in</strong>der, Mars Surveyor 2001, Rosetta Mössbauer Spectrometer: quantitative analysis of Fe – mass: 500 g – power: 1.5 W – radioactive source of about 300 mCi – heritage: Mars Surveyor 2001 A<strong>the</strong>na mission (MIMOS II <strong>in</strong>strument) PYR-GC-MS system: isotopic, elemental, organic and <strong>in</strong>organic molecular composition, and chirality measurement – PYR: <strong>in</strong>cludes several ovens (<strong>for</strong> pyrolysis, combustion and chemical trans<strong>for</strong>mation of <strong>the</strong> samples) – GC: a m<strong>in</strong>imum of four columns, <strong>in</strong> parallel, likely to be capillary open columns <strong>for</strong> separation, respectively of: permanent gases and very low molecular weight organics volatile higher molecular weight organics of small polarity volatile higher molecular weight organics of high polarity column <strong>for</strong> enantiomer separation (chiral or, if derivatisation with chiral reactant, non-chiral column) heritage: COSAC additional detectors (nano-TCDs, chiral detectors) <strong>for</strong> each GC column – MS: ion trap (heritage: MODULUS) or magnetic (Beagle-2) or Quadrupole (heritage: CHARGE). In all cases, a pump<strong>in</strong>g device (such as a m<strong>in</strong>iaturised turbo molecular pump) will have to be developed. total mass: 5.5 kg power: 10-20 W (to be confirmed) H 2 O 2 and o<strong>the</strong>r oxidant-dedicated sensors (still to be fully studied and developed): – expected mass: 100 g (to be confirmed) SECOND PRIORITY Infrared spectroscopy: molecular analysis of m<strong>in</strong>erals and organics (with Raman) – wavelength range: 0.8-10 µm – spectral resolution: >100 (λ/∆λ) – spatial resolution: 200 µm – expected mass:
SP-1231 154 References achiral column (i.e. <strong>for</strong> compounds with more than one chiral centre). Let us also mention <strong>the</strong> recent development of piezoelectric and optical gas sensors that ‘are capable of recognis<strong>in</strong>g different enantiomers and of qualitatively monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> enantiomeric composition of am<strong>in</strong>oacid derivatives and lactates <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gas phase’ (Bodenhoefer et al., 1997). Such a technique could be applied to a GC-MS system <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a solid- or gas-state derivatisation process <strong>for</strong> analys<strong>in</strong>g am<strong>in</strong>o acids after derivatisation <strong>in</strong>to volatile compounds. Afflalaye, A., Sabah, A., Sternberg, R., Raul<strong>in</strong>, F. & Vidal-Madjar, C. (1996). Gas chromatography of Titan’s atmosphere. VI: Analysis of low molecular weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with cyanopropylphenyl: dimethylpolysiloxane. J. Chromatogr. 746, 63-69. Afflalaye, A., Sternberg, R., Coscia, D., Raul<strong>in</strong>, F. & Vidal-Madjar, C. (1997). Gas chromatography of Titan’s atmosphere. VIII: Analysis of permanent gases with carbon molecular sieve packed capillary columns. J. Chromatogr. A76, 195-203. Bodenhöfer, K., Hierlemann, A., Seemann, J., Gauglitz, G., Koppenhoefer, B & Göpel, W. (1997). Chiral discrim<strong>in</strong>ation us<strong>in</strong>g piezoelectric and opticalgas sensors. Nature 387, 577-580. Chambers, L.A. (1982). Sulfur isotope study of a modern <strong>in</strong>tertidal environment, and <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation of ancient sulfides. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 721-728. Edwards, H.G.M., Farwell, D.W., Grady, M.M., Wynn-Williams, D. & Wright, I.P. (1999). Comparative Raman microscopy of a martian meteorite and Antarctic lithic analogs. Planet Space Sci. 47, 353-362. Habicht, K.S. & Canfield, D.E. (1997). Sulfur isotope fractionation dur<strong>in</strong>g bacterial sulfate reduction <strong>in</strong> organic-rich sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 5351- 5361. Imbus, S.W. & McKirdy, D.M. (1993). Organic geochemistry of Precambrian sedimentary rocks. In Organic Geochemistry (Eds. M.H. Engel & S.A. Macko), Plenum, pp657-684. Irw<strong>in</strong>, W.J. (1982). Analytical pyrolysis – a comprehensive guide. Chromatographic Science Series, 22, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. Israel, G., Niemann, H., Raul<strong>in</strong>, F., Riedler, W., Atreya, S., Bauer, S., Cabane, M., Chassefiere, E., Hauchecorene, A., Owen, T., Sable, C., Samuelson, R., Torre, J.P., Vidal-Madjar, C., Brun, J.F., Coscia, D., Ly, R., T<strong>in</strong>tignac, M., Steller, M., Gelas, C., Conde, E. & Millan, P. (1997). <strong>The</strong> Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser (ACP) experiment <strong>for</strong> Huygens. ESA SP-1177, 59-84. Kaplan, I.R. & Rittenberg, S.C. (1964). Microbiological fractionation of sulfur isotopes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 34, 195-212. Kl<strong>in</strong>gelhöfer, G., Fegley Jr., B., Morris, R.V., Kankeleit, E., Held, P., Evlanov, E. & Priloutski, O. (1996). M<strong>in</strong>eralogical analysis of Martian soil and rock by a m<strong>in</strong>iaturised backscatter<strong>in</strong>g Mössbauer spectrometer. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 1277-1288. Lambert, I.B. & Donnelly, T.H. (1990). <strong>The</strong> paleoenvironmental significance of trends <strong>in</strong> sulphur isotope compositions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Precambrian: a critical review. In Stable Isotopes and Fluid Processes <strong>in</strong> M<strong>in</strong>eralisation (Eds. H.K. Herbert & S.E. Ho), Univ. Western Austr. Spec. Publ. 23, 260-268. de Leeuw, J.W., & Largeau, C. (1993). A review of macromolecular organic compounds that comprise liv<strong>in</strong>g organisms and <strong>the</strong>ir role <strong>in</strong> kerogen, coal and petroleum <strong>for</strong>mation. In Organic Geochemistry (Eds. M.H. Engel & S.A. Macko), Plenum, pp23-72. MacDermott, A.J. et al. (1996). Homochirality as <strong>the</strong> signature of life: <strong>the</strong> SETH Cigar. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 1441-1446. Meuzelaar, H.L.C., Haverkamp, J. & Hileman, F.D. (1982). Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of recent and fossil biomaterials – compendium and atlas. Techniques and Instrumentation <strong>in</strong> Analytical Chemistry, 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam, <strong>The</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands. Morris, R.V., Squyres, S.W., Bell III, J.F., Christensen, P.H., Economu, T., Kl<strong>in</strong>g-
Page 1 and 2:
SP-1231 Exobiology
Page 3 and 4:
Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
Page 5 and 6:
4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
Page 7 and 8:
6 6.2 Imaging of F
Page 9 and 10:
The Exobio
Page 11 and 12:
pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
Page 13 and 14:
Ignasi Casanova, Institute
Page 15 and 16:
I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
Page 17 and 18:
SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
Page 19 and 20:
SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
Page 21 and 22:
SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
Page 23 and 24:
SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
Page 25 and 26:
I.3 Limits of Life
Page 27 and 28:
temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
Page 29 and 30:
(mainly found <str
Page 31 and 32:
cannot exclude fin
Page 33 and 34:
Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
Page 35 and 36:
acid to identify the</stron
Page 37 and 38:
Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Ba
Page 39 and 40:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
Page 41 and 42:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
Page 43 and 44:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
Page 45 and 46:
SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
Page 47 and 48:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
Page 49 and 50:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
Page 51 and 52:
SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
Page 53 and 54:
SP-1231 56 The iso
Page 55 and 56:
SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.2.3/1. Cholester
Page 57 and 58:
SP-1231 60 References regard to non
Page 59 and 60:
SP-1231 62 Klein,
Page 61 and 62:
SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
Page 63 and 64:
SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
Page 65 and 66:
SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
Page 67 and 68:
SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
Page 69 and 70:
SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
Page 71 and 72:
SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
Page 73 and 74:
SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
Page 75 and 76:
SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
Page 77 and 78:
II.1 Introduction The</stro
Page 79 and 80:
II.2 The Planet Ma
Page 81 and 82:
cover the range 4.
Page 83 and 84:
The depletion of c
Page 85 and 86:
valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
Page 87 and 88:
plate tectonic evidence has been ob
Page 89 and 90:
Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
Page 91 and 92:
II.3 The Martian M
Page 93 and 94:
principal atmosphe
Page 95 and 96:
Lines of evidence
Page 97 and 98: indicated by carbo
Page 99 and 100: quest for
Page 101 and 102: Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
Page 103 and 104: Urey, H.C. (1968). Origin</
Page 105 and 106: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
Page 107 and 108: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
Page 109 and 110: SP-1231 114 Sinuou
Page 111 and 112: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
Page 113 and 114: SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
Page 115 and 116: SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
Page 117 and 118: SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
Page 119 and 120: SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
Page 121 and 122: SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
Page 123 and 124: SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
Page 125 and 126: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
Page 127 and 128: SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
Page 129 and 130: SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
Page 131 and 132: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
Page 133 and 134: SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
Page 135 and 136: SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
Page 137 and 138: SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
Page 139 and 140: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
Page 141 and 142: SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
Page 143 and 144: SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
Page 145 and 146: SP-1231 150 determin</stron
Page 147: SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
Page 151 and 152: II.6 Team III: The
Page 153 and 154: in width and heigh
Page 155 and 156: Searchin</
Page 157 and 158: minerals or oxidat
Page 159 and 160: A second group of rocks, however, m
Page 161 and 162: SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
Page 163 and 164: The sample materia
Page 165 and 166: surprising. To ach
Page 167 and 168: The main</
Page 169 and 170: Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
Page 171 and 172: Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
Page 173 and 174: SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
Page 175 and 176: SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
Page 177 and 178: SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
Page 179 and 180: Team IV was asked to examin
show all

Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?