Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

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are not present <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> troposphere. It is suggested that <strong>the</strong> observed quite complex bright zones may be related to local portions covered by icy methane (or ethane), which is bright at 2 µm and is plausible at temperatures below 90K, expected <strong>for</strong> example at <strong>the</strong> poles, or on top of a mounta<strong>in</strong> near <strong>the</strong> equatorial regions. Ano<strong>the</strong>r possibility <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> polar brightness would be a permanent polar cloud deck (or mist) <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> low troposphere. Patchy methane clouds have been suggested <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> tropopause. I.5.2.3 <strong>The</strong> Cass<strong>in</strong>i/Huygens Mission Launched <strong>in</strong> October 1997, <strong>the</strong> spacecraft will arrive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> vic<strong>in</strong>ity of Saturn <strong>in</strong> 2004 and per<strong>for</strong>m several flybys of Titan, mak<strong>in</strong>g spectroscopic, imag<strong>in</strong>g, radar and o<strong>the</strong>r measurements. <strong>The</strong> Huygens Probe will penetrate <strong>the</strong> atmosphere to reveal its true nature. Anderson, J.D., Lau, E.L., Sjorgren, W.L. Schubert, G. & Moore, W.B. (1997). Europa’s differentiated <strong>in</strong>ternal structure: <strong>in</strong>ferences from two Galileo encounters. Science 276, 1236-9. Belton, M.J.S. & 33 o<strong>the</strong>rs (1996). Galileo’s first images of Jupiter and <strong>the</strong> galilean satellites. Science 274, 377-85. Combes, M. et al. (1997). Spatially resolved images of Titan by means of adaptive optics. Icarus 129, 482. Coustenis, A. & Bézard, B. (1995). Titan’s atmosphere from Voyager I.R. observations. Icarus 115, 126-140. Coustenis, A. et al. (1993). Model<strong>in</strong>g Titan’s <strong>the</strong>rmal <strong>in</strong>frared spectrum <strong>for</strong> high resolution space observations. Icarus 102, 240-260. Coustenis, A. et al. (1997). Titan’s surface composition and variability from <strong>the</strong> near- IR albedo. Icarus 118, 87-104. Coustenis, A. Salama, A., Lellouch, E. Encrenaz, Th., Bjoraker, G.L., Samuelson, R.E., De Graauw, Th., Feuchtgruber, H. & Kessler, M.F. (1998). Evidence <strong>for</strong> water vapor <strong>in</strong> Titan’s atmosphere from ISO/SWS data. A&A 336, L85-L89. potential non-martian sites <strong>for</strong> extraterrestrial life/I.5 Fig. I.5.2.2/3. Images of Titan’s surface <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> near-IR. At left is <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g hemisphere; <strong>the</strong> trail<strong>in</strong>g hemisphere is at right. (From Combes et al., 1997.) References 71
SP-1231 72 Galileo: images available at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov:80/galileo/ Mojzsis, S.J., Arrhenius, G., McKeegan, K.D., Harrison T.M., Nutman, A.P. & Friend, C.R.L. (1996). Evidence <strong>for</strong> life on Earth be<strong>for</strong>e 3,800 million years ago. Nature 384, 55-59. Russell, M.J. & Hall, A.J. (1977). <strong>The</strong> emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submar<strong>in</strong>e hydro<strong>the</strong>rmal redox and pH front. J. Geol. Soc. 154, 377-402. Schopf, J.W. (1993). Microfossils of <strong>the</strong> Early Archean Apex Chert: New Evidence of <strong>the</strong> Antiquity of <strong>Life</strong>. Science 260, 640-646. Simonelli, D.P., Pollack, J.B., McKay, C.P., Reynolds, P.T. & Summers, A. (1989). <strong>The</strong> carbon budget <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> outer solar nebula. Icarus 82, 1-35. Smith, P.H. et al. (1996). Titan’s surface revealed by HST imag<strong>in</strong>g. Icarus 119, 336- 349. Soderblom, L.A., Kieffer, S.W., Becker, T.L., Brown, R.H., Cook II, A.F., Hansen, C.J., Johnson, T.V., Kirk, R.L. & Shoemaker, E.M. (1990). Triton’s geyser-like plumes: discovery and basic characterization. Science 250, 410-415.
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SP-1231 Exobiology
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Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
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4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
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6 6.2 Imaging of F
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The Exobio
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pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
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Ignasi Casanova, Institute
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I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
Page 17 and 18: SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
Page 19 and 20: SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
Page 21 and 22: SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
Page 23 and 24: SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
Page 25 and 26: I.3 Limits of Life
Page 27 and 28: temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
Page 29 and 30: (mainly found <str
Page 31 and 32: cannot exclude fin
Page 33 and 34: Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
Page 35 and 36: acid to identify the</stron
Page 37 and 38: Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Ba
Page 39 and 40: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
Page 41 and 42: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
Page 43 and 44: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
Page 45 and 46: SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
Page 47 and 48: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
Page 49 and 50: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
Page 51 and 52: SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
Page 53 and 54: SP-1231 56 The iso
Page 55 and 56: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.2.3/1. Cholester
Page 57 and 58: SP-1231 60 References regard to non
Page 59 and 60: SP-1231 62 Klein,
Page 61 and 62: SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
Page 63 and 64: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
Page 65 and 66: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
Page 67: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
Page 71 and 72: SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
Page 73 and 74: SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
Page 75 and 76: SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
Page 77 and 78: II.1 Introduction The</stro
Page 79 and 80: II.2 The Planet Ma
Page 81 and 82: cover the range 4.
Page 83 and 84: The depletion of c
Page 85 and 86: valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
Page 87 and 88: plate tectonic evidence has been ob
Page 89 and 90: Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
Page 91 and 92: II.3 The Martian M
Page 93 and 94: principal atmosphe
Page 95 and 96: Lines of evidence
Page 97 and 98: indicated by carbo
Page 99 and 100: quest for
Page 101 and 102: Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
Page 103 and 104: Urey, H.C. (1968). Origin</
Page 105 and 106: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
Page 107 and 108: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
Page 109 and 110: SP-1231 114 Sinuou
Page 111 and 112: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
Page 113 and 114: SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
Page 115 and 116: SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
Page 117 and 118: SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
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SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
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SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
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SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
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SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
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SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
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SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
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SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
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SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
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SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
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SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
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SP-1231 150 determin</stron
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
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SP-1231 154 References achiral colu
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II.6 Team III: The
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in width and heigh
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Searchin</
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minerals or oxidat
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A second group of rocks, however, m
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
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The sample materia
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surprising. To ach
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The main</
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Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
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Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
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SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
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SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
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SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
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Team IV was asked to examin
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