Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

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SP-1231 38 References structure? For how long can nucleic acids survive long-term storage? How do we design new methods to assess <strong>the</strong> antiquity of ‘revived’ terrestrial microorganisms? How do we study bacterial reproduction <strong>in</strong> very old samples? We should keep very open m<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>in</strong> this area. In terms of survival, one immediately th<strong>in</strong>k of spores, but we should remember that sporulation is not a general phenomenon of <strong>the</strong> liv<strong>in</strong>g, but an historical <strong>in</strong>vention that may or may not have occurred <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> history of life on o<strong>the</strong>r planets. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, we keep our microorganisms frozen <strong>for</strong> years and, though <strong>the</strong>y are not spores, <strong>the</strong>y survive. We also tend to th<strong>in</strong>k of procaryotes, but some eucaryotes (acaria) could exhibit surpris<strong>in</strong>g (and scarcely explored) resistant properties. Bernard, F.P., Connan, J. & Magot, M. (1992). Indigenous microorganisms <strong>in</strong> connate water of many oil fields: a new tool <strong>in</strong> exploration and production techniques. Soc. Petroleum Eng<strong>in</strong>eers 67, 467-476. Bernhardt, G., Luedemann, H.D., Jaenicke, R., Koenig, H. & Stetter, K.O. (1984). Biomolecules are unstable under black smocker conditions. Naturwissenschaften 71, 583-586. Blöchl, E., Rachel, R., Burgraff, S., Hafenbradl, D., Jannash, H.W. & Stetter, K.O. (1997). Pyrolobus fumarii, gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> upper temperature limit <strong>for</strong> life to 113ºC. Extremophiles 1, 14-21 Buecker, H. & Horneck, G. (1975). Studies on <strong>the</strong> effects of cosmic HZE-particles on different biological systems <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Biostack I and II flown on board of Apollo 16 and 17. In Radiation Research (Eds. O. F. Nygaard, H. J. Adler & W.K. S<strong>in</strong>clair), Academic Press, pp1138-1151. Cragg, B.A. & Parkes, R.J. (1994). Bacterial profiles <strong>in</strong> hydro<strong>the</strong>rmally active deep sediment layers from Middle Valley (N.E. Pacific) Sites 857 and 858. Proc. Ocean Drill<strong>in</strong>g Prog. Sci. Results 139, 509-516. DeLong, E.F., Wu, K.Y., Prezel<strong>in</strong>, B.B. & Jov<strong>in</strong>e R.V.M. (1994). High abundance of Archaea <strong>in</strong> Antarctic mar<strong>in</strong>e picoplankton. Nature 371, 695-697. Driessen, A.J.M., Van de Vossenberg, J.L.C.M. & Kon<strong>in</strong>gs, W.N. (1996). Membrane composition and ion-permeability <strong>in</strong> extremophiles. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 18, 139-148. Forterre, P. (1995). <strong>The</strong>rmoreduction, a hypo<strong>the</strong>sis <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong> of procaryotes. Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. Sci. (Paris) 318, 415-422. Forterre, P. (1996). A hot topic: <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong> of hyper<strong>the</strong>rmophiles. Cell 85, 789-792. Forterre, P. (1997). Prote<strong>in</strong> versus rRNA: root<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> universal tree of life? ASM News 63 2, 89-95. Furnes, H., Thorseth, I.H., Tumyr, O., Torsvick, T. & Fisk, M. R. (1996). Microbial activity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> alteration of glass from pillow lavas from hole 896A. Proc. Ocean Drill<strong>in</strong>g Prog. Sci. Results 148, 191-206. Gal<strong>in</strong>ski, E.A. & Tyndall, B.J. (1992). Biotechnological prospects <strong>for</strong> halophiles and halotolerant microorganisms. In Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremophiles (Eds. R.A. Herbert & R.J. Sharp) Blackie, Glasgow & London, pp76-114. Gold, T. (1992). <strong>The</strong> deep, hot biosphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 6045-6049. Grant, W.D. & Horikoshi, K. (1992). Alkaliphiles: ecology and biotechnological applications. In Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremophiles (Eds. R.A. Herbert & R.J. Sharp) Blackie, Glasgow & London, pp143-160. Haridon, S.L., Reysenbach, A., Glenat, P., Prieur, D. & Jeanthon, C. (1995). Hot subterranean biosphere <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental oil reservoir. Nature 377, 223-224. Hensel, H., Jakob, I., Scheer, H. & Lottspeich, F. (1992). Prote<strong>in</strong>s from hyper<strong>the</strong>rmophilic archaea: stability towards covalent modification of peptide cha<strong>in</strong>. In <strong>The</strong> archaebacteria: Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Biochemical Soc. Symp. 58, 127-134. Horneck, G. (1992). Radiobiological experiments <strong>in</strong> space: a review. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 20, 185-205.
Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Bacillus subtilis spores to space environment: results from experiments <strong>in</strong> space. Orig<strong>in</strong>s of <strong>Life</strong> 2, 37-52. Horneck, G., Buecker, H. & Reitz, G. (1994). Long-term survival of bacterial spores <strong>in</strong> space. Adv. Space Res. 14 (10)41-(10)45. Horneck, G., Rettberg, P., Rabbow, E., Strauch, W., Seckmeyer, G., Facius, R., Reitz, G., Strauch, K. & Schott, J.U. (1996). Biological dosimetry of solar radiation <strong>for</strong> different simulated ozone column thicknesses. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 55, 389. Keller, M., Braun, F.-J., Dirmeier, R., Hafenbradl, D., Burgrraf, S., Rachel, R. & Stetter, K.O. (1995). <strong>The</strong>rmococcus alcaliphilus sp. nov. a new hyper<strong>the</strong>rmophilic archaeum grow<strong>in</strong>g on polysulfide at alkal<strong>in</strong>e pH. Arch. Microbiol. 164, 390-395. Kennedy, M.J., Reader, S.L. & Swierczynski, L.M. (1994). Preservation records of microorganisms: evidence of <strong>the</strong> tenacity of life. Microbiol. 140, 2513-2529. L<strong>in</strong>dhal, T. (1993). Instability and decay of <strong>the</strong> primary structure of DNA. Nature 362, 709-715. Marguet, E. & Forterre, P. (1994). DNA stability at temperatures typical <strong>for</strong> hyper<strong>the</strong>rmophiles. Nucl. Acid Res. 22, 1681-1686. Nienow, J.A. & Friedman, E.I. (1993). Terrestrial lithophytic (rock) communities. In Antarctica Microbiol. (Ed. E. Friedmann) Wiley, pp343-412. Norris, P.R. & Ingledew, W.J. (1992). Acidophilic bacteria: adaptations and applications. In Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremophiles (Eds. R.A. Herbert & R.J. Sharp) Blackie, Glasgow & London, pp115-139. Palmer, J.D. (1997). Organelle genomes: go<strong>in</strong>g, go<strong>in</strong>g, gone. Science, 275, 790-791. Parkes R.J. & Maxwell, J.R. (1993). Some like it hot (and oily). Nature 365, 694-695. Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., Bale, S.K. et al. (1994). Deep bacterial biosphere <strong>in</strong> Pacific Ocean sediments. Nature 371, 410-413. Prieur, D. (1992). Physiology and biotechnological potential of deep-sea bacteria. In Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremophiles (Eds. R.A. Herbert & R.J. Sharp) Blackie, Glasgow & London, pp163-197. Reanney, D.C. (1974). On <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong> of prokaryotes. J. <strong>The</strong>or. Biol. 48, 243-251. Rueter, P., Rabus, R., Wilkes, H., Aeckersberg, F., Ra<strong>in</strong>ey, F.A., Jannasch, H.W. & Widdel, F. (1994). Anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong> crude oil by new types of sulphate-reduc<strong>in</strong>g bacteria. Nature 372, 455-458. Russel, N.J. (1992). Physiology and molecular biology of psychrophilic microorganisms. In Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremophiles (Eds. R.A. Herbert & R.J. Sharp) Blackie, Glasgow & London, pp203-221. Schleper, C., Puehler, G., Holz, I., Gambacorta, A., Janekovic, D., Santarius, U., Klenk, H.P. & Zillig, W. (1995). Picrophilus gen nov, fam nov: A novel aerobic, heterotrophic, <strong>the</strong>rmoacidophilic genus and family compris<strong>in</strong>g Archaea capable of growth around pH 0. J. Bacteriol. 177, 7050-7059. Smith, M.D., Masters, C.I. & Moseley, B.E.B (1992). Molecular biology of radiationresistant bacteria. In Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremophiles (Eds. R.A. Herbert & R.J. Sharp) Blackie, Glasgow & London, pp258-277. Stetter, K.O. (1982). Ultra-th<strong>in</strong> mycelia-<strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g organisms from submar<strong>in</strong>e volcanic areas hav<strong>in</strong>g an optimum growth temperature of 105ºC. Nature 300, 258-260. Stetter, K.O. (1996). Hyper<strong>the</strong>rmophilic procaryotes. FEMS Microbiol. Reviews 18, 149-158. Stetter, K.O., Huber, R., Blöchl, E., Kurr, M., Eden, R.D., Fielder, M., Cash, H. & Vance, I. (1993). Hyper<strong>the</strong>rmophilic archaea are thriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> deep North Sea and Alaskan oil reservoirs. Nature 365, 743-745. Stevens, T.O. & McK<strong>in</strong>ley, J.P. (1995). Lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems <strong>in</strong> deep basalt aquifer. Science 270, 450-454. Trent, J.D., Chastian, R.A. & Yayanos, A.A. (1984). Possible artefactual basis <strong>for</strong> apparent bacterial growth at 250ºC. Nature 307, 737-740. Weber, P. & Greenberg, J.M. (1985). Can spores survive <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>terstellar space? Nature 316, 403-407. limits of life under extreme conditions/I.3 39
Page 1 and 2: SP-1231 Exobiology
Page 3 and 4: Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
Page 5 and 6: 4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
Page 7 and 8: 6 6.2 Imaging of F
Page 9 and 10: The Exobio
Page 11 and 12: pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
Page 13 and 14: Ignasi Casanova, Institute
Page 15 and 16: I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
Page 17 and 18: SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
Page 19 and 20: SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
Page 21 and 22: SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
Page 23 and 24: SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
Page 25 and 26: I.3 Limits of Life
Page 27 and 28: temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
Page 29 and 30: (mainly found <str
Page 31 and 32: cannot exclude fin
Page 33 and 34: Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
Page 35: acid to identify the</stron
Page 39 and 40: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
Page 41 and 42: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
Page 43 and 44: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
Page 45 and 46: SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
Page 47 and 48: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
Page 49 and 50: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
Page 51 and 52: SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
Page 53 and 54: SP-1231 56 The iso
Page 55 and 56: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.2.3/1. Cholester
Page 57 and 58: SP-1231 60 References regard to non
Page 59 and 60: SP-1231 62 Klein,
Page 61 and 62: SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
Page 63 and 64: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
Page 65 and 66: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
Page 67 and 68: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
Page 69 and 70: SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
Page 71 and 72: SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
Page 73 and 74: SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
Page 75 and 76: SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
Page 77 and 78: II.1 Introduction The</stro
Page 79 and 80: II.2 The Planet Ma
Page 81 and 82: cover the range 4.
Page 83 and 84: The depletion of c
Page 85 and 86: valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
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plate tectonic evidence has been ob
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Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
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II.3 The Martian M
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principal atmosphe
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Lines of evidence
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indicated by carbo
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quest for
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Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
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Urey, H.C. (1968). Origin</
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
Page 107 and 108:
SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
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SP-1231 114 Sinuou
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
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SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
Page 115 and 116:
SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
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SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
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SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
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SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
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SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
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SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
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SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
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SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
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SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
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SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
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SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
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SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
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SP-1231 150 determin</stron
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
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SP-1231 154 References achiral colu
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II.6 Team III: The
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in width and heigh
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Searchin</
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minerals or oxidat
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A second group of rocks, however, m
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
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The sample materia
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surprising. To ach
Page 167 and 168:
The main</
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Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
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Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
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SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
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SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
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SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
Page 179 and 180:
Team IV was asked to examin
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