FOREWORD
<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Exobiology</str<strong>on</strong>g> Science Team was established <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> September 1996 by Dr. P. Clancy of <strong>ESA</strong>’s Directorate of Manned Spaceflight and Microgravity. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> task of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Team was to survey current research <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> exobiology and related fields and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n to make recommendati<strong>on</strong>s to <strong>ESA</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nature of a future search <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> life elsewhere <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Solar</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>System</str<strong>on</strong>g>. In carry<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g out that task, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Team has benefited c<strong>on</strong>siderably from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s provided by many o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r experts, as listed below. From a scientific po<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>t of view, it is probably <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first time <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> recent years that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> various relevant aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>volved <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> a potential search <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> life elsewhere have been brought toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r and exam<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> such detail <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Europe. Likewise, this is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first attempt to outl<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e what exobiology space experiments might reas<strong>on</strong>ably be planned, given <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> limited resources currently available <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Europe <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> new ventures, however excit<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y may be. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> results of this first study are presented <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Part I. For this part, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Team comprised: Chairman: André Brack, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Orléans, France. Patrick Forterre, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université de Paris Sud, Orsay, France. Gerda Horneck, Institute of Aerospace Medic<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e, DLR, Porz-Wahn, Germany. Col<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pill<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ger, Planetary Sciences Research Institute, Open University, Milt<strong>on</strong> Keynes, UK. Manfred Schidlowski, Max-Planck Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Biochemie, Ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>z, Germany. He<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>rich Wänke, Max-Planck Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Kosmochemie, Ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>z, Germany. Secretary: Brian Fitt<strong>on</strong>, European Science C<strong>on</strong>sultants, Sassenheim, Ne<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rlands. With <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> folow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g c<strong>on</strong>tributors: Nathalie Cabrol, Space Science Divisi<strong>on</strong>, NASA Ames, Moffett Field, Cali<str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>nia, USA. Ignasi Casanova, Institute <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> Space Studies, Univ.Politec. Catalunya, Barcel<strong>on</strong>a, Spa<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>. August<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chicarro, Space Science Department, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Ne<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rlands. A<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>na Coustenis, DESPA, Observatoire de Paris, Meud<strong>on</strong>, France. G. Egl<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>gt<strong>on</strong>, Bristol University, Bristol, UK. M. Fenzi, Technospazio, Milan, Italy. H.U. Keller, Max Planck Institut für Aer<strong>on</strong>omie, L<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dau, Germany. Alexandra MacDermott, Chemistry Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K. Michel Maurette, CSNSM, Orsay Campus, Orsay, France. J. Parkes, Bristol University, Bristol, UK. Francois Raul<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>, LISA/CNRS, Universités de Paris 7 & 12, Créteil, France. Dave Ro<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ry, Earth Science Dept. Open University, Milt<strong>on</strong> Keynes, UK. Didier Schmidt, Space Science Department, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Ne<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rlands. Alan Schwartz, Laboratory <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g> Evoluti<strong>on</strong>ary Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Ne<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rlands. A. Steele, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK. A major outcome was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommendati<strong>on</strong> to seek evidence of ext<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ct life below <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> surface of <strong>Mars</strong>, us<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g a group of six <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>struments. All of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se are adaptati<strong>on</strong>s of <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>struments that are ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r under development or have already flown <strong>on</strong> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r space missi<strong>on</strong>s. Toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>for</str<strong>on</strong>g>m an <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tegrated package of analysis equipment that 9
- Page 1 and 2: SP-1231 Exobiology
- Page 3 and 4: Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
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SP-1231 62 Klein,
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SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
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SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
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SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
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SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
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SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
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II.1 Introduction The</stro
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II.2 The Planet Ma
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cover the range 4.
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The depletion of c
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valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
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plate tectonic evidence has been ob
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Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
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II.3 The Martian M
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principal atmosphe
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Lines of evidence
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indicated by carbo
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quest for
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Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
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Urey, H.C. (1968). Origin</
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
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SP-1231 114 Sinuou
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
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SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
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SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
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SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
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SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
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SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
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SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
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SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
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SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
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SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
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SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
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SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
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SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
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SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
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SP-1231 150 determin</stron
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
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SP-1231 154 References achiral colu
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II.6 Team III: The
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in width and heigh
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Searchin</
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minerals or oxidat
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A second group of rocks, however, m
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
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The sample materia
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surprising. To ach
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The main</
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Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
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Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
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SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
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SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
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SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
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Team IV was asked to examin