Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

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SP-1231 62 Kle<strong>in</strong>, H.P. (1979). <strong>The</strong> Vik<strong>in</strong>g mission and <strong>the</strong> search <strong>for</strong> life on Mars. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 17, 1655-1662. Kolbel-Boekel, J., Anders, E. & Nehrkorn, A. (1988). Microbial communities <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> saturated groundwater environment, II. Diversity of bacterial communities <strong>in</strong> a Pleistocene sand aquifer and <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>in</strong> vitro activities. Microbial. Ecology 16, 31- 48. Lev<strong>in</strong>, G.V. & Straat, P.A. (1977). Recent results from <strong>the</strong> Vik<strong>in</strong>g labeled release experiment on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4663-4667. Lovelock, J.E. (1979). Gaia, Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press, Ox<strong>for</strong>d, UK. MacDermott, A.J., Barron, L.d., Brack, A., Buhse, T., Drake, F., Emery, R., Gottarelli, G., Greenberg, J.M., Haberle, R., Hegstrom, R.A., Hobbs, K., Kondeputi. D.K., McKay, C., Moorbath, S., Raul<strong>in</strong>, F., Sand<strong>for</strong>d, M., Schwartzman, D.W., Thiemann, W.H.-P., Tranter, G.E. & Zarnecki J.C. (1996). Homochirality as <strong>the</strong> signature of life: <strong>the</strong> SETH Cigar. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 1441-1446. McKay, C.P. (1986). <strong>Exobiology</strong> and future Mars missions: <strong>The</strong> search <strong>for</strong> Mars’ earliest biosphere. Adv. Space Res. 6(12), 269-285. McKay, C.P. (1991). Planetary evolution and <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong> of life. Icarus 91, 93-100. McKay, C.P. & Nedell, S.S. (1988). Are <strong>the</strong>re carbonate deposits <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Valles Mar<strong>in</strong>eris, Mars? Icarus 73, 142-148. McKay, C.P. & Stoker, C.R. (1989). <strong>The</strong> early environment and its evolution on Mars: Implications <strong>for</strong> life. Rev. Geophys. 27, 189-214. Mojzsis, S.J., Arrhenius, G., McKeegan, K.D., Harrison, T.M., Nutman, A.P. & Friend, R.L. (1996). Evidence <strong>for</strong> life on Earth be<strong>for</strong>e 3,800 million years ago. Nature 384, 55-59. Morita, R.Y. (1975). Microbial contributions to <strong>the</strong> evolution of <strong>the</strong> ‘steady state’ carbon dioxide system. Orig<strong>in</strong>s of <strong>Life</strong> 6, 37-44. Moroz, V.I. & Mukh<strong>in</strong>, L.M. (Eds.) (1978). About <strong>the</strong> Initial Evolution of Atmosphere and Climate of <strong>the</strong> Earth-Type Planets, Inst. Space Res. USSR Acad. Sci., Moscow, Publication D-255, pp44. Nienow, J.A. & Friedmann, E.I. (1993). Terrestrial lithophytic (rock) communities. In Antarctic Microbiology (Ed. E. Friedmann), Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, pp343-412. O’Leary, M.H. (1981). Carbon isotope fractionation <strong>in</strong> plants. Phytochemistry 20, 55- 567. Owen, T., Biemann, K., Rushneck, D.R., Biller, J.E., Howarth, D.W. & Lafleur, A.L. (1977). <strong>The</strong> composition of <strong>the</strong> atmosphere at <strong>the</strong> surface of Mars. J. Geophys Res. 82, 4635-3639. Oyama, V.I., Berdahl, B.J. & Carle, G.C. (1977). Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs of <strong>the</strong> Vik<strong>in</strong>g gas exchange experiment and a model <strong>for</strong> Martian surface chemistry. Nature 265, 110-114. Peters, K.E. & Moldowan, J.M. (1993). <strong>The</strong> Biomarker Guide, Prentice Hall, USA. Pflug, H.D. (1978). Yeast-like microfossils detected <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> oldest sediments of <strong>the</strong> Earth. Naturwissenschaften 65, 611-615. Pflug, H.D. (1987). Chemical fossils <strong>in</strong> early m<strong>in</strong>erals. Topics <strong>in</strong> Current Chemistry 139, 1-55. Pollock, G.E., Miyamoto, A.K. & Oyama, V.I. (1970). <strong>The</strong> detection of optical asymmetry <strong>in</strong> biogenic molecules by gas chromatography <strong>for</strong> extraterrestrial space exploration: sample process<strong>in</strong>g studies. <strong>Life</strong> Sci. & Sp. Res. 8, 9-107. Quader, H. & Bock, E. (1995). Konfokale-Laser-Raster-Mikroskopie: E<strong>in</strong>e neue Möglichkeit geste<strong>in</strong>sbewohnende Mikroorganismen zu untersuchen. Int. J. Restoration of Build<strong>in</strong>gs 1, 295-304. Ronov, A.B., Yaroshevsky, A.A. & Migdisov, A.A. (Eds.) (1990). Khimicheskoe Stroyenie Zemnoi Kory i Khimicheski Balans Glavnykh Elementov (Chemical Structure of <strong>the</strong> Earth’s Crust and Chemical Balance of Major Elements (<strong>in</strong> Russian)). Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moscow, Russia, pp181. Rothschild, L.J., Giver, L.J., White, M.R. & Manc<strong>in</strong>elli, R.L. (1994). Metabolic activity of microorganisms <strong>in</strong> evaporites. J. Physiol. 30, 431-438.
Page 1 and 2:
SP-1231 Exobiology
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Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
Page 5 and 6:
4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
Page 7 and 8: 6 6.2 Imaging of F
Page 9 and 10: The Exobio
Page 11 and 12: pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
Page 13 and 14: Ignasi Casanova, Institute
Page 15 and 16: I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
Page 17 and 18: SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
Page 19 and 20: SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
Page 21 and 22: SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
Page 23 and 24: SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
Page 25 and 26: I.3 Limits of Life
Page 27 and 28: temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
Page 29 and 30: (mainly found <str
Page 31 and 32: cannot exclude fin
Page 33 and 34: Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
Page 35 and 36: acid to identify the</stron
Page 37 and 38: Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Ba
Page 39 and 40: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
Page 41 and 42: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
Page 43 and 44: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
Page 45 and 46: SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
Page 47 and 48: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
Page 49 and 50: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
Page 51 and 52: SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
Page 53 and 54: SP-1231 56 The iso
Page 55 and 56: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.2.3/1. Cholester
Page 57: SP-1231 60 References regard to non
Page 61 and 62: SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
Page 63 and 64: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
Page 65 and 66: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
Page 67 and 68: SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
Page 69 and 70: SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
Page 71 and 72: SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
Page 73 and 74: SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
Page 75 and 76: SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
Page 77 and 78: II.1 Introduction The</stro
Page 79 and 80: II.2 The Planet Ma
Page 81 and 82: cover the range 4.
Page 83 and 84: The depletion of c
Page 85 and 86: valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
Page 87 and 88: plate tectonic evidence has been ob
Page 89 and 90: Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
Page 91 and 92: II.3 The Martian M
Page 93 and 94: principal atmosphe
Page 95 and 96: Lines of evidence
Page 97 and 98: indicated by carbo
Page 99 and 100: quest for
Page 101 and 102: Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
Page 103 and 104: Urey, H.C. (1968). Origin</
Page 105 and 106: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
Page 107 and 108: SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
Page 109 and 110:
SP-1231 114 Sinuou
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
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SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
Page 115 and 116:
SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
Page 117 and 118:
SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
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SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
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SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
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SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
Page 125 and 126:
SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
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SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
Page 129 and 130:
SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
Page 131 and 132:
SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
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SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
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SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
Page 137 and 138:
SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
Page 139 and 140:
SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
Page 141 and 142:
SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
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SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
Page 145 and 146:
SP-1231 150 determin</stron
Page 147 and 148:
SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
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SP-1231 154 References achiral colu
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II.6 Team III: The
Page 153 and 154:
in width and heigh
Page 155 and 156:
Searchin</
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minerals or oxidat
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A second group of rocks, however, m
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
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The sample materia
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surprising. To ach
Page 167 and 168:
The main</
Page 169 and 170:
Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
Page 171 and 172:
Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
Page 173 and 174:
SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
Page 175 and 176:
SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
Page 177 and 178:
SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
Page 179 and 180:
Team IV was asked to examin
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