Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars - ESA

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4.1.6 Polar Deposits 114 4.1.7 Ground Ice-Permafrost 114 4.2 General Remarks on Subsurface Microbial Fossils 115 4.3 Climatic and Environmental Models 115 4.4 <strong>The</strong> Radiation Environment 117 4.4.1 <strong>The</strong> Current Atmospheric Radiation Budget 118 4.4.2 <strong>The</strong> Current Particle and Radiation Environment 119 4.4.3 <strong>The</strong> Radiation Environment <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Past 119 4.5 <strong>The</strong> Rationale <strong>for</strong> Land<strong>in</strong>g Site Selection 120 4.6 Rovers and Drill<strong>in</strong>g Operations 122 4.7 Land<strong>in</strong>g Sites 122 II.5 Team II: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Search</strong> <strong>for</strong> Chemical Indicators of <strong>Life</strong> 129 Scientific Objectives: 5.1 Sample Acquisition and Distribution Subsystem 129 5.2 M<strong>in</strong>eralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry 130 5.2.1 M<strong>in</strong>eralogy and Petrology 130 5.2.2 Geochemistry (Elemental Composition Analysis) 132 5.3 Isotopic Analysis 132 5.3.1 Carbon and Hydrogen 132 5.3.2 Sulphur 133 5.4 Molecular Analysis 133 5.4.1 Inorganics 133 5.4.2 Organics 133 5.5 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Search</strong> <strong>for</strong> Homochirality 135 Instrumentation to Satisfy <strong>the</strong> Scientific Objectives: 5.6 Sample Acquisition and Distribution Subsystem 135 5.7 M<strong>in</strong>eralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry 135 5.7.1 General Considerations 135 5.7.2 Optical Microscopy 138 5.7.3 Alpha-Proton-X-ray Spectrometer (APX) 138 5.7.4 Mössbauer Spectrometer 140 5.7.5 Ion/Electron Probes, X-ray Spectroscopy 142 5.7.6 IR Spectroscopy 142 5.7.7 Raman Spectroscopy 144 5.8 Isotopic Analysis 145 5.9 Molecular Analysis 147 5.9.1 Gas Chromatography (GC) 147 5.9.2 Mass Spectroscopy (MS) 148 5.9.3 Pyrolysis (PYR) 148 5.9.4 Available PYR-GC-MS Techniques 148 5.9.5 Laser Ablation-Inductive Coupled Plasma-MS (LA-ICP-MS) 149 5.9.6 O<strong>the</strong>r Techniques 150 5.9.7 <strong>The</strong> Analysis of H 2O 2 150 5.10 Chirality Measurements 151 5.10.1 Bulk Chirality Measurements 151 5.10.2 Enantiomeric Separations 152 Recommended Payload and Technology Research Programme: 153 II.6 Team III: <strong>The</strong> Inspection of Subsurface Aliquots and Surface Rocks 157 Scientific Justification: 6.1 <strong>The</strong> Investigation of Unwea<strong>the</strong>red Rock Material 157 5
6 6.2 Imag<strong>in</strong>g of Fossilised Material <strong>in</strong> Sediments 157 6.2.1 Macroscopic Scale 158 6.2.2 Microscopic Scale 160 6.3 Investigation of Biom<strong>in</strong>erals 161 6.4 Investigation of <strong>the</strong> Rock Structure 163 6.4.1 Ext<strong>in</strong>ct Microbes <strong>in</strong> Rock 163 6.4.2 Rock Formation and Composition 164 6.5 Investigation of Sedimentary Layer<strong>in</strong>g 165 6.6 Investigation of <strong>the</strong> Soil 165 6.7 Investigation of Dust Particles 166 Scientific Method and Requirements: 6.8 Initial Survey and Target Selection 167 6.9 High-Resolution Studies 168 6.10 Subsurface Investigations 170 6.11 Raman Spectrometry 170 6.12 Optical Spectroscopy 170 6.13 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 171 6.14 IR Spectroscopy 171 6.15 <strong>The</strong>rmal-IR Spectroscopy 171 6.16 Chemical Inspection of Subsurface Material 172 6.17 Summary of Possible Instrumentation 173 Sampl<strong>in</strong>g Aspects: 6.18 Mobility Requirements 173 6.19 Gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g/Polish<strong>in</strong>g/Immersion 174 6.20 Drill<strong>in</strong>g and Digg<strong>in</strong>g 174 6.21 Siev<strong>in</strong>g and Magnetic Separation 174 6.22 Cutt<strong>in</strong>g and Saw<strong>in</strong>g 174 6.23 Data Analysis 175 6.24 Summary of Major Conclusions 175 II.7 Conclusions 179 7.1 Land<strong>in</strong>g Sites <strong>for</strong> <strong>Exobiology</strong> 179 7.2 <strong>The</strong> Sample Acquisition, Distribution and Preparation <strong>System</strong> 180 7.2.1 Subsurface Sample: Acquisition and Preparation 180 7.2.2 Surface Rock Sample: Acquisition and Preparation 180 7.2.3 Soil Samples 181 7.3 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Exobiology</strong> Observation <strong>System</strong> 181 7.4 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Exobiology</strong> Analysis <strong>System</strong> 181 7.5 A Possible <strong>Exobiology</strong> Experiment Package 184 and Operat<strong>in</strong>g Arrangement Annex 1: Team IV. A Manned Mars Station and <strong>Exobiology</strong> Research 185
Page 1 and 2: SP-1231 Exobiology
Page 3 and 4: Cover Fossil coccoid bacteria, 1 µ
Page 5: 4 I.5 Potential Non-Martian Sites <
Page 9 and 10: The Exobio
Page 11 and 12: pyrolysis, or similar techniques, f
Page 13 and 14: Ignasi Casanova, Institute
Page 15 and 16: I AN EXOBIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SOLA
Page 17 and 18: SP-1231 18 surface pressure of CO 2
Page 19 and 20: SP-1231 20 10 bar befor</st
Page 21 and 22: SP-1231 22 kilometres in</s
Page 23 and 24: SP-1231 24 Laboratory Investigation
Page 25 and 26: I.3 Limits of Life
Page 27 and 28: temperatures of 95-106ºC. This sug
Page 29 and 30: (mainly found <str
Page 31 and 32: cannot exclude fin
Page 33 and 34: Responses to Cosmic Radiation <stro
Page 35 and 36: acid to identify the</stron
Page 37 and 38: Horneck, G. (1993). Responses of Ba
Page 39 and 40: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/1. Size distri
Page 41 and 42: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.2/4. Evaporite w
Page 43 and 44: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.2.3/1A (left). Net
Page 45 and 46: SP-1231 48 A detailed chemical anal
Page 47 and 48: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.1/1. Scheme of
Page 49 and 50: SP-1231 Fig. I.4.3.1.2/1. A: Compar
Page 51 and 52: SP-1231 54 I.4.3.2.1 Sedimentary Or
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SP-1231 60 References regard to non
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SP-1231 62 Klein,
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SP-1231 64 ities in</strong
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.1.1/1. A 34×42 km
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.1/1. Titan’s a
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SP-1231 Fig. I.5.2.2/2. Modelled Ti
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SP-1231 72 Galileo: images availabl
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SP-1231 74 TABLE I.6.2/1 EVIDENCE O
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SP-1231 I.6.3 What to Searc
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SP-1231 78 I.7.3 Organic Chemistry
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II.1 Introduction The</stro
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II.2 The Planet Ma
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cover the range 4.
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The depletion of c
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valley networks (Fig. II.2.5/2) are
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plate tectonic evidence has been ob
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Table II.2.7.4/1. Potential Mars <s
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II.3 The Martian M
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principal atmosphe
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Lines of evidence
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indicated by carbo
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quest for
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Anders, E. (1989). Prebiotic organi
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Urey, H.C. (1968). Origin</
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.1/1. A Gilbert-
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.1.3/1. Th
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SP-1231 114 Sinuou
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SP-1231 Fig. II.4.3/1. Ages of seve
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SP-1231 118 orbital characteristics
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SP-1231 120 II.4.5 The</str
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SP-1231 122 II.4.6 Rovers and Drill
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SP-1231 124 Site 2: Apolin<
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SP-1231 126 Site 4: Chasma area, ea
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SP-1231 128 Sharp, M., Parkes, J.,
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.1/1. The<
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SP-1231 132 II.5.3 Isotopic Analysi
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SP-1231 134 chemical composition de
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.1/1. Th
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SP-1231 138 optical microscope. Bot
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SP-1231 140 protons of discrete ene
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SP-1231 142 atures should be per<st
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.7.7/1. Example of
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SP-1231 146 soils. In this approach
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SP-1231 148 discrimin</stro
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SP-1231 150 determin</stron
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SP-1231 Fig. II.5.10.2/2. Enantiome
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SP-1231 154 References achiral colu
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II.6 Team III: The
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in width and heigh
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Searchin</
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minerals or oxidat
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A second group of rocks, however, m
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS
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The sample materia
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surprising. To ach
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The main</
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Consideration of a diamond wire-saw
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Schoonen, M.A. & Barnes, H.L. (1991
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SP-1231 180 II.7.2 The</str
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SP-1231 Fig. II.7.4/1. Look
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SP-1231 184 II.7.5 A Possible <stro
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Team IV was asked to examin
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