GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmay be indicating the improvement in transportation emissions that are related to the operation ofTrans-Jakarta busway, a rapid transit system started in January 2004 that links most of the mainroads in the city. Nevertheless, PM 10 levels are observed to be consistently above the WHOannual average guideline of 20 µgm -3 . The highest annual average of SO 2 was observed in 2004(110 µg m -3 ) exceeding the standard of 60 µg m -3 . Annual average O 3 in this period was consistentlyabove the standard of 50 µg m -3 , which indicates photochemical air pollution in the city.Figure 29 - Trends of air pollution in Jakarta. [modified from JEPA,2008]. Annual NAAQS: CO: na; PM10: 20 µg m -3[WHO, 2006]; SO2: 60 µg m -3 ; NO2: 100 µg m -3 ; O3: 50 µg m -3Suhadi et al. [2005] and Permadi & Kim Oanh (2008) provided a detailed study ofphotochemical smog pollution in Jakarta in relation to its precursors and meteorology. During theperiod of 1996 to 1998, the annual ozone averages in ambient stations located off the city centerhave exceeded the annual NAAQS and showed an increasing trend [Suhadi et al., 2005]. Frequentexceedances of the hourly NAAQS were also observed from 2002 to 2003 with over 450 hourlymeasurements or 0.7 % out of 66,000 hourly ozone measurements at the 5 stations [Permadi andKim Oanh, 2008]. Both studies suggested that the highest monthly average ozone occur during thedry season (September-November) and the lowest during the wet season (December-March). Thediurnal cycle of ozone in Jakarta and its precursors is clearly shown and is typical for polluted urbanareas [Permadi and Oanh, 2008].Air quality managementThis section highlights the attempts of the local government in implementing regulations andactions under the scheme of urban air quality management. During past decades, initiated by JEPA,many attempts have been initiated in order to improve air quality in Jakarta. Urban air qualitymonitoring stations have significantly improved by updating the monitoring method from rotationalmanual basis to the automated continuous monitoring systems with QA/QC. Air pollution Index (API)is used to display the results in public spaces to enhance public participation and awareness. Localgovernment is also working to reduce traffic congestion by improving the urban transportationsystem. Busway corridor VII – X has been built covering the entire city. This has been recognizedas the largest busway system in Asia and won a BAQ award in 2006. A rail-based Mass RapidTransit (Monorail) is still under construction. Intensive development of urban green space hasoccurred in recent years. Car free day programme has been campaigned intensively calling forpublic participation in more sustainable ways. Unleaded gasoline has been promoted in the citysince June 2000 with support from the government and industry [JEPA, 2008]. As of January 2008,the government is said to be enforcing the Euro 2 standard [MOE, 2003].Climate change issueAccording to IDRC – EEPSEA [2009], Jakarta is one of the most vulnerable cities to climatechange in Southeast Asia. Therefore, climate change issue has attracted more attention from thelocal government and scientists. However, the studies on ambient levels and the emissions ofgreenhouse gases or other climate forcing agents such as black carbon in the city are still in the97