GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 5 - NO2 measurements in African capitals [Liousse and Galy-Lacaux, 2010].(Also shown in Chapter 7 as Figure 15)Figure 6 - Monthly PM2.5 concentrations in Dakar (from June 2008 to May 2009) [Doumbia et al., 2012](Also shown in Chapter 7 as Figure 16)34
CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 7 - Mean annual concentrations of NO2, HNO3 and SO2 at Dakar and Bamako traffic sites. Values for Katibougou(IDAF rural site) are added for comparison (Mali, 2008-2010), (Yoboué et al., 2013, in prep.)Table 2 - Black carbon concentrations at urban sites (adapted from Table 1 in Doumbia et al., 2012)Location Period BC (µg m -3 ) ReferencesDakar. Senegal June 08-July 09 5.7-15.4 Doumbia et al., 2012Bamako. Mali April 2008 19.2 ± 8.9 Doumbia et al., 2012Cotonou. Benin May 2005 4.9 ± 3.9 Doumbia et al., 2012Yaounde. Cameroon June-July 2004 2.4 ± 0.8Ouafo, Personal Com.August 2010 5.7 ± 2.3Paris. France Aug.-Oct. 97 10-20 Ruellan et Cachier, 2001Singapore. Asie Jan.-Dec. 00 3-14 Balasubranmanian et al., 2003Kanpur. India December 04 12.3 Tripathi et al., 2005Karachi. Pakistan Apr. 06-Apr. 07 2-15 Vincent et al., 2009Beijing. Chine Jan. 03- Aug. 04 1.2-16.3 Guinot et al., 2007Xi’an. Chine Sept 03-April 04 16.5 ± 9.8 Li et al., 2004Marylebone. Londres Oct-Dec 06 12.2 Green, 2007Spatial and temporal variability of gases and particulate concentrations in West AfricancitiesIn West-African cities, concentrations are spatially highly variable : this was observed forexample in Cotonou (Benin) and Bamako (Mali) during AMMA and POLCA programmesrespectively, from real time measurements of BC and CO in a taxi [Doumbia et al., 2012]. It wasalso noticed in Dakar (Sénégal) and in Bamako (Mali) with passive samplers for NO 2 and SO 2gases in the frame of POLCA [Yoboué et al., 2012]. Doumbia et al. [2012] show that differences bya factor of 5 may be found between different BC measurements downtown in Bamako, withmaximum and minimum levels respectively located near the markets and the Niger river. InBurkina Faso, Linden et al. [2012], Boman et al. [2009], Eliasson et al. [2009] and Arku et al.[2008] have observed high variability in PM concentrations at street level, in downtownOuagadougou, with maximum values near unpaved roads and vegetated areas. Also in this study,it is underlined that PM 1 and combustion pollutant concentrations are much higher at traffic sitesthan in suburban areas, whereas PM 10 concentrations are much higher in suburban zones, due tothe important relative impact of household fuel use in such areas.35
Page 2: © World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 8 and 9: The second lead authors meeting was
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONatmospheric
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThe impact
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONEquations 1
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThere is a
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONFigure 8 -
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLow-income
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION1.5 SCIENTI
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONthese aeros
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONFigure 16:
Page 34 and 35: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONReferencesA
Page 36 and 37: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLeibensperg
Page 38 and 39: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICACoordinating auth
Page 40 and 41: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 3 displays
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAabout 2,000 mm pe
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAIn West-African c
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAratios in Bamako
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAAs shown in Figur
Page 52 and 53: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAof the city of Jo
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAlow smoke coal wa
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcompleted, their
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAepidemiological d
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAPopulationGrowthR
Page 62 and 63: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcycle with levels
Page 64 and 65: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcomparable to tho
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFavez, O., Sciare
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER 2 - AFRICASeagrave, J., McD
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe bottom-up and t
Page 72 and 73: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 2 - (a) CO e
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand Kim Oanh, 2002]
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 4 - Annual a
Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmaintenance program
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAnearly half of the
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 3 - ASIARelationships of th
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 12 - Graphic
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAnother significant
Page 88 and 89: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand international),
Page 90 and 91: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 17 - (a) Var
Page 92 and 93: CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions inventory
Page 94 and 95:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAir Quality Index r
Page 96 and 97:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIA• Strict restrict
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAis due the ban of l
Page 100 and 101:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAvailability of air
Page 102 and 103:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 26 - Box plo
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAResearch projects o
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmonitoring stations
Page 108 and 109:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIApreliminary stage.
Page 110 and 111:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 8 - National
Page 112 and 113:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAControl strategiesA
Page 114 and 115:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAMetro Manila Air Qu
Page 116 and 117:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmoves inland and O
Page 118 and 119:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAHong Kong and Macau
Page 120 and 121:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 39 - A 52-ye
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAClimatic change iss
Page 124 and 125:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission sources of
Page 126 and 127:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAIn the case of PM 1
Page 128 and 129:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAdue to yellow sand
Page 130 and 131:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission inventorie
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAatmosphere, which i
Page 134 and 135:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions of NO X f
Page 136 and 137:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 58 - Annuall
Page 138 and 139:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe predominance of
Page 140 and 141:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAthe negative health
Page 142 and 143:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAsrari, E., Ghole,
Page 144 and 145:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAGuo H, Fine AJ, So
Page 146 and 147:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIALi L., Chen C.H., H
Page 148 and 149:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAPollution Control D
Page 150 and 151:
CHAPTER 3 - ASIAYu JZ, Tung JWT, Wu
Page 152 and 153:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAand human
Page 154 and 155:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.1.2 Emis
Page 156 and 157:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICATable 4 -
Page 158 and 159:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAemissions
Page 160 and 161:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthird moun
Page 162 and 163:
4.3 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINACHAPTER
Page 164 and 165:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAless than
Page 166 and 167:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICApart of Sa
Page 168 and 169:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAThe Nation
Page 170 and 171:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.7 SÃO P
Page 172 and 173:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAhydrocarbo
Page 174 and 175:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthat such
Page 176 and 177:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICACorvalán,
Page 178 and 179:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICALongo, K.
Page 180 and 181:
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICARomero Lan
Page 182 and 183:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICACoordinati
Page 184 and 185:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAstories fo
Page 186 and 187:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAthat impro
Page 188 and 189:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICA5.2 THE US
Page 190 and 191:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAcontributi
Page 192 and 193:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAseason fro
Page 194 and 195:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAtoluene, a
Page 196 and 197:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAand small
Page 198 and 199:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICABlumenthal
Page 200 and 201:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICALei, W., Z
Page 202 and 203:
CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAVelasco, E
Page 204 and 205:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 1 shows a
Page 206 and 207:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE6.1.3 Pollution l
Page 208 and 209:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 4 - [Carsl
Page 210 and 211:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 7 - Greate
Page 212 and 213:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 9 - Partit
Page 214 and 215:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFrom a regulatory
Page 216 and 217:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEB) Particulate ma
Page 218 and 219:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE• During the wi
Page 220 and 221:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 17 - Total
Page 222 and 223:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEair quality in th
Page 224 and 225:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEfaculty of MSU, I
Page 226 and 227:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE2007; Andersson e
Page 228 and 229:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPETable 3b - Past a
Page 230 and 231:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEexpectancy in NRW
Page 232 and 233:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEtime range of sev
Page 234 and 235:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 25 - Inhab
Page 236 and 237:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEPiemonte (Turin):
Page 238 and 239:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 31 - Numbe
Page 240 and 241:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEAs for the develo
Page 242 and 243:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEsub-tropical fron
Page 244 and 245:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEpollutants around
Page 246 and 247:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEaddition to local
Page 248 and 249:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEprecipitation sam
Page 250 and 251:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEstrict legislatio
Page 252 and 253:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPECaserini, S., Fra
Page 254 and 255:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEHodzic A., C. H.,
Page 256 and 257:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPELondon, T. f. Cle
Page 258 and 259:
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPETebaldi, G., Angi
Page 260 and 261:
CHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW OF INTERNATION
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
7.9 PRIDE-PRDCHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW O
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
Page 298 and 299:
CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKi
Page 300 and 301:
CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
Page 302 and 303:
CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKT
Page 304 and 305:
CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKs
Page 306 and 307:
CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKr
Page 308 and 309:
CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKM
Page 310 and 311:
LIST OF RECENT GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WA
Page 312 and 313:
141. Report of the LAP/COST/WMO Int
Page 314:
185. Guidelines for the Measurement
show all

GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?