CHAPTER 3 - ASIAYu JZ, Tung JWT, Wu AWM, Lau AKH, Louie PKK, Fung JCH. (2004). Abundance and seasonalcharacteristics of elemental and organic carbon in Hong Kong PM 10 . AtmosphericEnvironment 38, 1511-1521Yuan ZB, Lau AKH, Zhang HY, Yu JZ, Louie PKK, Fung JCH. (2006c). Identification andspatiotemporal variations of dominant PM 10 sources over Hong Kong. AtmosphericEnvironment 40, 1803-1815Yuan ZB, Lau KH, Yu JZ, Fung J. (2006a). Evaluation of local ozone production through sourceapportionment of volatile organic compounds in Hong Kong. Geophysical ResearchAbstracts 8:04978Yuan ZB, Yu JZ, Lau AKH, Louie PKK, Fung JCH (2006b). Application of positive matrixfactorization in estimating aerosol secondary organic carbon in Hong Kong and itsrelationship with secondary sulphate. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 25-34Zawar-Reza, P. (2008). Numerical analysis of the ‘120 day wind’ over the Sistan Region,South-West Asia with TAPM. Clean Air and Environmental Quality, 42, 21-24Zawar-Reza, P., Appelhans, T., Gharaylou, M., Shamsipour, A. (2010). Mesoscale controls onparticulate matter pollution for a mega-city in a semi-arid mountainous environment: Tehran,Iran. International Journal of Environment and Pollution. In Press.Zhang B-N. and Kim Oanh N. T. (2002). Photochemical smog pollution in the Bangkok MetropolitanArea in relation to O 3 precursor concentrations and meteorological conditions. AtmosphericEnvironment, 36:4211-4222Zhang, X., and 24 co-authors. (2005). Trends in Middle East climate extreme indices from 1950 to2003, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22104, doi:10.1029/2005JD006181Zhang, Y.H., Hu, M., Zhong, L.J., Wiedensohler, A., Liu, S.C., Andreae, M.O., Wang, W., Fan, S.J.(2008a). Regional integrated experiments on air quality over Pearl River Delta 2004(PRIDE-PRD 2004): overview. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6157–6173Zhang, Y.H., Su, H., Zhong, L.J., Cheng, Y.F., Zeng, L.M., Wang, X.S., Xiang, Y.R., Wang, J.L.,Hao, D.F., Shao, M., Fan, S.J., Liu, S.C. (2008b). Region ozone pollution andobservation-based approach for analyzing ozone-precursor relationship during thePRIDE-PRD2004 campaign. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6203–6218Zhong LJ, Zheng JY, Louie PKK, Chen J. (2007). Quantitative uncertainty analysis in air pollutantemission inventories: methodology and case study. Research of Environmental Sciences20, 15-20_______140
CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICACoordinating Author: Laura Gallardo (1)Contributing Authors: Marcelo Alonso (2) , María de F. Andrade (3) , Vanessa Silveira Barreto Carvalho (3) , EduardoBehrentz (4) , Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos (5) , Ariela D’Angiola (6) , Laura Dawidowski (7) , Saulo Freitas (2) , Darío Gómez (7) ,Karla M. Longo (2) , Leila Doprichinski Martins (8) , Marcelo Mena (9) , Patricia Matus (10) , Axel Osses (11) , Mauricio Osses (12) ,Néstor Rojas (13) , Pablo Saide (14) , Odón Sánchez-Ccoyllo (15) , María V. Toro (16)(1)Departamento de Geofísica & Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Universidad de Chile. Blanco Encalada2002, piso 4, Santiago, Chile(2)Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Rod.Presidente Dutra, km 40, 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil(3)Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences,University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil(4)Grupo de Estudios en Sostenibilidad Urbana y Regional, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 Este # 19 A - 40,Bogotá, Colombia.(5)Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 748 São Paulo, Brazil(6)Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), 4 PlaceJussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France(7)Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Gerencia Química, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Pcia.de Buenos Aires, Argentina(8)Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR, Marcílio Dias 635, l, 86812-460 Apucarana, PR, Brazil(9)Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile(10)Salud Pública Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana- Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile(11)Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática & Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Universidad de Chile. BlancoEncalada 2002, piso 4, Santiago, Chile(12)Sistemas Sustentables, Santa Magdalena 75, Of 311, Santiago, Chile & International Sustainable SystemsResearch Center, ISSRC, 605 South Palm Street, Suite C, La Habra, CA 90631, USA(13)Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Carrera 45 26-85Ed 412 Of 206. 111321 Bogotá, Colombia(14)Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA(15)Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Jr. Cahuide 785 Jesús María, Lima11 – Perú(16)Grupo de Investigaciones Ambientales, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Bloque 11 Circular 1 <strong>No</strong>.70-01,Medellín, Colombia4.1 OVERVIEWAir pollution is a reoccurring phenomenon in many South American cities. Like in manycities around the world, population growth and urbanization result in a convergence of a variety ofair pollutant emission drivers such at industry, transportation, and energy production andconsumption amongst others. This convergence, however, is rather extreme in South Americawhere about 84% of the population today lives in mid- to large size cities (larger than 750 kinhabitants) [UNPOP, 2009]. The emptiness of the South American continent is also striking, ascities, and population densities, are mainly located close to coastal areas or a few hundreds ofkilometres in land (Figure 1). Although the rate of growth in larger cities of more than 5 millioninhabitants has decreased over the last decades (from an average of 3%/yr between 1975 and1990 to 2% between 1995 and 2010), the growth rate is still enough to ensure the proclivity ofthese agglomerations to concentrate pollution drivers and hence face environmental problems.Moreover, mid-size cities (2% growth per yearbetween 2005 and 2010).Oftentimes, South America is referred to as a homogeneous entity, possibly due to ourcommon historic background in connection to the European “conquest” of the territories. However,if one wants to assert global change drivers in the region, one must deal with the actualheterogeneity of South America’s physical and human geography. Our economies and politicalsystems vary giving rise to diversity in our policies. Table 1 shows relevant population, economic,141
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