GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

CHAPTER 4 – SOUTH AMERICAthat such activities in the region require establishing a network involving not only members ofacademia but also technical staff from governmental agencies who are in charge of emissioninventories to assure the interests of both groups are met while harmonizing the differentapproaches. All this is needed in order to be able to accurately evaluate the efficiency of policiesand to improve our diagnostic and prognostic abilities, not only in the short-term (days to fewyears) but also in the long-term (years to decades).There is a growing need of an integrated monitoring network that, in addition to solelyaddress the attainment of health related standards, is able to address the many processesresponsible for those impacts as well as the impacts on vegetation and climate. This will require, inaddition to stronger coordination and planning efforts, the integrated use of modelling tools. Also,as there is an increasing need for and cost in instrument calibration and maintenance, moreintensive use and sharing of local laboratory and analytical facilities is badly needed.Often, air quality studies in South American cities remain largely isolated from one another,short-term, and lack a scientific synthesis. Moreover, scientific research has not sufficientlypermeated into environmental policies. The establishment of scientific consortia and networks isone possibility, as it may be more cost-effective manner to promote the exchange and sharing ofexpertise, laboratory and computational resources, and human resources. Such a community,which is already emerging, would be able to deal with the particular “flavours” of our cities (e.g.,sugarcane, ethanol fuel, biomass burning, smelting, power plants), in their particular human andnatural geography.ReferencesAdonis, M., & Gil, L. (1993). Mutagenicity of Organic Extracts From Santiago (Chile) AirborneParticulate Matter. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects,292(1), 51-61. doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(93)90007-MAdonis, M., & Gil, L. (2001). Indoor Air Pollution in a Zone of Extreme Poverty of MetropolitanSantiago, Chile. Indoor and Built Environment 10(3-3), 138-146. doi:10.1177/1420326X0101000304Allende, J., Babul, J., Martinez, S., & Ureta, T. (2005). Análisis y proyecciones de la cienciachilena 2005. Academia Chilena de Ciencias.Alonso, M., Longo, K., Freitas, S., Fonseca, R., Marcecal, V., Pirre, M., & Gallardo, L. (2010). Anurban emissions inventory for South America and its application in numerical modelling ofatmospheric chemical composition at local and regional scales. Atmospheric Environment.Andrade, F., Orsini, E., & Meanhaut, W. (1994). Relation between aerosol sources andmeteorological parameters for inhalable atmospheric particles in São Paulo city, Brazil.Atmospheric Environment, 28(14), 2307-2315Andrade, M. F., Ynoue, R. Y., Harley, R., & Miguel, A. H. (2004). Air quality model simulatingphotochemical formation of pollutants: the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. InternationalJournal Environmental Pollution, 22, 460-475Arellano, C. (2010). Estudio de la variación estacional y diurna del comportamiento de la Capa deInversión Térmica sobre la Lima Metropolitana. Universidad Nacional de San Marcos,Facultad de Ciencias Físicas.Arrechea, G. (1998). Datos de calidad de aire en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Programa de AireLimpio Buenos Aires, Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Subsecretaría de MedioAmbiente, in Frese(Fogliatti y J.R. Walsh (Eds)), 209-230Artaxo, P., Oyola, P., & Martinez, R. (1999). Aerosol composition and source apportionment inSantiago de Chile. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B- BeamInteractions with Material and Atoms, 150(151-154),409-416Behrentz, Eduardo, Sanchez, N., Fandino, M., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Inventario de emisionesprovenientes de fuentes fijas y móviles. Proyecto contratado por la Secretaría Distrital deAmbiente de Bogotá y Desarrollado por el Grupo de Estudios en Sostenibilidad Urbana yRegional de la Universidad de los Andes164