GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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CHAPTER 8 – KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKresults show that certain synoptic patterns worsen the air quality and induce the UHI. Under thesepatterns, the concentrations of air pollutants increase significantly with the UHI intensity. Theconvergence usually associated with nocturnal UHI causes the accumulation of O 3 precursors, aswell as other air pollutants, thereby worsening the air quality that day and also during the followingdaytime period.The importance of UHI for the impacts of megacities on climate and air quality andtherefore mitigation measures has been well recognized. However, the roles of UHI in the airpollution formation processes and local to regional climate change are not well understood. Morestudies in this area are needed to formulate policies that have co-benefits of air quality and climatechange in megacities.8.7 CONCLUDING COMMENTSThe preceding chapters have described air quality research results from megacities on fiveof the world's continents. Notably, there is wide variability of available information - from LosAngeles, certainly the world's most extensively studied city where research has been ongoing forover six decades, to major megacities where very limited ambient measurements or modellinghave been conducted. This disparity emphasizes the critical need for both intensive fieldcampaigns and routine monitoring throughout the world.Nevertheless, experience in earlier developing megacities (e.g. Los Angeles, Mexico City)provides useful guidance for implementing emission control efforts in any megacity, even beforeextensive measurements and modelling allow formulation of a comprehensive air pollution controlprogramme. Such efforts can yield both immediate and long-term health benefits for the city'spopulation. Initial efforts could include inefficient combustion processes, e.g., open trash burningand cooking or home heating with biofuel and coal. Large industrial facilities and electricalgeneration plants are important emission sources, and a great deal of general knowledge isavailable regarding effective control of their emissions and these facilities can also be early targetsfor air quality improvement. On road motor vehicles are major sources of emissions in all cities,regardless of continent or society, and there is a great deal of similarity between the emissionsfrom vehicle fleets throughout the world. An early introduction of emission controls on newvehicles will sooner begin reducing vehicle emissions through the relatively long process of vehiclefleet turnover.Effective emission control strategies to improve air quality should also take into account theimpact the emission control strategies have on climate. The development of emission controlstrategies should seek "win-win" solutions for air quality problems that simultaneously benefitclimate. Such efforts to optimize the co-benefits of air quality policies for climate will pay dividendsat the local, regional and global scales.ReferencesBench, G., Fallon, S., Schichtel, B., Malm, W., & McDade, C. (2007). Relative contributions offossil and contemporary carbon sources to PM 2.5 aerosols at nine Interagency Monitoringfor Protection of Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network sites. J. Gepophys. Res. -Atmos., 112(D10205), 10. doi: 10.1029/2006JD007708Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., & West, G. B. (2007). Growth, innovation,scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 104(17), 7301-7306. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610172104Blanchard, C. L., Tanenbaum, S., & Lawson, D. R. (2008). Differences between Weekday andWeekend Air Pollutant Levels in Atlanta; Baltimore; Chicago; Dallas–Fort Worth; Denver;Houston; New York; Phoenix; Washington, DC; and Surrounding Areas. J. Air & WasteMange. Assoc., 58(12), 1598-1615. doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.12.1598Butler, T. M., & Lawrence, M. G. (2009). The influence of megacities on global atmosphericchemistry: a modelling study. Environ. Chem., 6(3), 219-225. doi: 10.1071/EN08110296
CHAPTER 8 – KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKDentener, F., Stevenson, D., Cofala, J., Mechler, R., Amann, M., Bergamaschi, P., Raes, F., andDerwent, R. (2005). The impact of air pollutant and methane emission controls ontropospheric ozone and radiative forcing: CTM calculations for the period 1990–2030.Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(7), 1731-1755. doi: 10.5194/acp-5-1731-2005de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Roberts, J. M.,Fehsenfeld, F.C., Worsnop, D.R., Canagaranta, M.R., Pszenny, A.A.P., Keene, W.C.,Marchewka, M., Bertram, S.B., and Bates, T. S. (2005). Budget of organic carbon in apolluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002. J.Gepophys. Res. - Atmos., 110(D16305), 22. doi: 10.1029/2004JD005623Gallardo, L., Escribano, J., Dawidowski, L., Rojas, N. J., Andrade, M. F, and Osses, M., (2011).Evaluation of vehicle emission inventories for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides forBogotá, Buenos Aires, Santiago, and São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment, 47, 12-19.Garland, R. M., Yang, H., Schmid, O., Rose, D., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A.,Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Hu, M., Shao, M., Zeng, L.M., Zhang, Y.H., Andreae,M.O., and Pöschl, U. (2008). Aerosol optical properties in a rural environment near themega-city Guangzhou, China: implications for regional air pollution, radiative forcing andremote sensing Guangzhou, China: implications for regional air pollution, radiative forcingand remote sensing. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(17), 5161-5186. doi: 10.5194/acp-8-5161-2008Gedzelman, S. D., Ausin, S., Cermak, R., Stefano, N., Partridge, S., Quesenberry, S., & Robinson,D. A. (2003). Mesoscale aspects of the urban heat island around New York City.Theoretical and Applied Cimatology, 75(1/2), 29-42. doi: 10.1007/s00704-002-0724-2Gurjar, B. R., Butler, T. M., Lawrence, M. G., & Lelieveld, J. (2008). Evaluation of emissions andair quality in megacities. Atmospheric Environment, 42(7), 1593-1606. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.048Hatzianastassiou, N., Gkikas, A., Mihalopoulos, N., Torres, O., & Katsoulis, B. D. (2009). Naturalversus anthropogenic aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean basin derived from multi-yearTOMS and MODIS satellite data. J. Gepophys. Res., 114(D24202), 14. doi:10.1029/2009JD011982Hung, T., Uchihama, D., Ochi, S., & Yasuoka, Y. (2005). Assessment with satellite data of theurban heat island effects in asian mega cities. International Journal of Applied EarthObservation and Geoinformation, 8(1), 34-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.003Kataoka, K., Matsumoto, F., Ichinose, T., & Taniguchi, M. (2009). Urban warming trends in severallarge Asian cities over the last 100 years. Science of the Total Environment 407(9), 3112-3119. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.015Kim, S.-W., Heckel, A., Frost, G. J., Richter, A., Gleason, J., Burrows, J. P., McKeen, S., Hsie, E.-Y., Granier, C., and Trainer, M. (2009). NO2 columns in the western United Statesobserved from space and simulated by a regional chemistry model and their implicationsfor NO X emissions. J. Gepophys. Res., 114(D11301), 29. doi: 10.1029/2008JD011343Kim, Y. H., & Baik, J.-J. (2005). Spatial and temporal structure of the urban heat island in Seoul.American Meteorological Society, 44(5), 591-605. doi: 10.1175/JAM2226.1Lai, L. W., & Cheng, W. L. (2009). Air quality influenced by urban heat island coupled with synopticweather patterns. Science of the Total Environment, 407(8), 2724-2733. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.002Lawrence, M. G., T. M. Butler, J. Steinkamp, B. R. Gurjar, and J. Lelieveld (2007), Regionalpollution potentials of megacities and other major population centers, Atmos. Chem.Phys., 7, 3969-3987Lemonsu, A., & Masson, V. (2002). Simulation of a summer urban breeze over Paris. BoundaryLayer Meteorology, 104(3), 463-490. doi: 10.1023/A:1016509614936Lin, C. Y., Chen, F., Huang, J. C., Chen, W. C., Liou, Y. A., Chen, W. N., & Liu, S. C. (2008).Urban heat island effect and its impact on boundary layer development and land– seacirculation over northern Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment, 42(22), 5635-5649. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.015297
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONatmospheric
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThe impact
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONReferencesA
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLeibensperg
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICACoordinating auth
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 3 displays
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAabout 2,000 mm pe
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 5 - NO2 me
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAIn West-African c
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAratios in Bamako
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAof the city of Jo
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAepidemiological d
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcycle with levels
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcomparable to tho
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe bottom-up and t
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 2 - (a) CO e
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand Kim Oanh, 2002]
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 4 - Annual a
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmaintenance program
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions inventory
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAResearch projects o
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 8 - National
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAControl strategiesA
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAClimatic change iss
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission sources of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAIn the case of PM 1
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission inventorie
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions of NO X f
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe predominance of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAthe negative health
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAsrari, E., Ghole,
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAGuo H, Fine AJ, So
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAPollution Control D
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAand human
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICATable 4 -
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAemissions
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4.3 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINACHAPTER
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAless than
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAThe Nation
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.7 SÃO P
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAhydrocarbo
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAstories fo
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAcontributi
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAVelasco, E
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 1 shows a
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE6.1.3 Pollution l
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 17 - Total
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEair quality in th
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE2007; Andersson e
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPETable 3b - Past a
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEexpectancy in NRW
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEtime range of sev
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEAs for the develo
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEsub-tropical fron
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