GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAIn West-African cities, concentrations display high temporal variability. In most of them, wecan underline morning and evening peaks associated with combustion pollution. In Ouagadougou,background concentrations are highly affected by diurnal meteorological stability and dynamics :the highest CO concentrations are found in conditions of extreme stability during evening rushhours with a CO peak much larger than in the morning (at 7am) [Linden et al., 2012]. Eveningpeaks are also observed in BC concentrations at Bamako traffic sites (Figure 8). However, suchpeaks are lower in Dakar and Cotonou than in Bamako [Doumbia et al., 2012]. This can beexplained by meteorological effects as previously shown in Ouagadougou, but also by importantuse of biofuel at this time of the day at Bamako. <strong>No</strong>te that this late and large peak never exists forNO 2 concentrations, since its considered only as a traffic tracer. Weekly variations display higherconcentrations from Monday to Friday than for Sundays, independent of the type of pollutant(gaseous or particulates).Figure 8 - Weekly variations of BC concentrations in Bamako [Doumbia et al., 2012]As already mentioned, gaseous and particulate concentrations are affected both by localpollution and/or long range transport. This is reflected in monthly variations (not shown here) of BCand NO 2 concentrations, displaying higher values during the biomass burning season. This is alsoseen during dust tranport events, particularly in Bamako and Ouagadougou. Finally, note thatduring the wet season, wet deposition also contributes to lower particulate concentrations than inthe dry season in all capitals.Link between pollution chemical characterization and main combustion sourcesAs discussed above, main prevailing combustion sources in West-African cities are traffic,domestic fuel combustion, dust resuspension from unpaved roads, waste burning and industries.In Ouagadougou, toluene/benzene, NO X /benzene and PM1/PM10 ratios are used to discriminatebetween traffic and domestic fuel combustion sources [Linden et al., 2012].In Abidjan, where rural/urban/industrial sites have air pollution monitors, the influence ofboth natural and anthropogenic emissions are observed [Kouassi et al., 2010]. Higher benzeneconcentrations are found in urban and industrial sites than in the rural one, whereas other organicgaseous compound concentrations are higher at the rural site. Transition metals are retrieved atevery sampling site (Table 3). Due to coastal influences linked to the location of the industrial site,chlorides are more important at this site than at other sites. Iron (Fe) is more important in urbanthan in industrial sites, whereas aluminium (Al) is maximum at the rural site. The same compoundshave been studied in Dakar at traffic and rural sites by the same team [Dieme et al., 2012]. Theyhave drawn similar conclusions for Fe, i.e. more abundant at urban than at rural sites due toanthropogenic influence, but lower concentrations of Al are retrieved at the rural site near Dakar36
CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAthan near Abidjan. In contrast to Abidjan, lower concentrations of lead are measured in Dakar : thisis due to unleaded gasoline effectively used in Dakar, which has not yet been implemented inAbidjan. Same conclusions appear for SO 4 concentrations in both studies, higher at urban than atrural sites due to unregulated combustion of fossil fuels in the traffic and industrial sectors. Bothstudies also suggest possible coating by VOC, inorganics and PAH onto PM particles, with higherspecific surface areas at urban than at rural sites.Table 3 - Inorganic and ionic compositions of collected PM. Inorganic compounds were detected in particle matter (PM) byinductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Ionic compounds were quantified with ionic chromatography[Kouassi et al., 2010]Ions;(µg;mg − 1;PM) Rural Urban IndustrialCl− 6.17 3.35 31.37NH4+ 6.16 2.65 4.30NO3 12.23 19.62 20.04SO4 19.62 13.36 17.24Metals;(µg;mg − 1;PM)Al 78.79 60.59 56.01Ca 31.57 35.54 36.31Cr 0.11 1.44 0.86Cu 0.14 0.24 0.11Fe 46.32 54.25 34.30K 16.20 9.69 17.45Mg 11.55 7.19 10.75Mn 2.79 0.68 0.57Na 9.59 10.06 24.64Ni 0.07 0.05 0.07Pb 0.06 0.49 0.40Sb
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIA• Strict restrict
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAvailability of air
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAResearch projects o
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmonitoring stations
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIApreliminary stage.
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 8 - National
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAControl strategiesA
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAMetro Manila Air Qu
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmoves inland and O
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAHong Kong and Macau
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAClimatic change iss
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission sources of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAIn the case of PM 1
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAdue to yellow sand
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission inventorie
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAatmosphere, which i
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions of NO X f
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 58 - Annuall
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe predominance of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAthe negative health
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAsrari, E., Ghole,
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAGuo H, Fine AJ, So
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIALi L., Chen C.H., H
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAPollution Control D
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAYu JZ, Tung JWT, Wu
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAand human
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.1.2 Emis
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICATable 4 -
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAemissions
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthird moun
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4.3 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINACHAPTER
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAless than
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICApart of Sa
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAThe Nation
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.7 SÃO P
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAhydrocarbo
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICACoordinati
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAstories fo
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAthat impro
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICA5.2 THE US
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAcontributi
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAseason fro
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAtoluene, a
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAand small
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAVelasco, E
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 1 shows a
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE6.1.3 Pollution l
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFrom a regulatory
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE• During the wi
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 17 - Total
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEair quality in th
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEfaculty of MSU, I
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE2007; Andersson e
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPETable 3b - Past a
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEexpectancy in NRW
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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEtime range of sev
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CHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW OF INTERNATION
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
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LIST OF RECENT GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WA
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141. Report of the LAP/COST/WMO Int
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185. Guidelines for the Measurement
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GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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