GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEsub-tropical front [Hudson et al., 2003]. In summer, the total observed variability in tropospheric O 3is about 5-10% of the total O 3 column, that is 25 DU [Ladstaetter-Weissenmayer et al., 2007].Because Mediterranean background O 3 levels are high, particularly in the spring and summer, it isdifficult to control ozone in urban and industrial areas. This is especially true because thebackground ozone levels are controlled by meteorological conditions, large-scale atmosphericdynamics, long-range transport, and photochemical formation. Experimental studies over theeastern Mediterranean [Kourtidis et al., 2002; Kouvarakis et al., 2000] have demonstrated thattransport from the European continent is the main mechanism controlling ozone levels in theeastern Mediterranean, especially in summer (or spring depending on the prevailing air transportpatterns) when ozone presents a maximum of about 60±10 ppbv [Gerasopoulos et al., 2005].Kalabokas et al. [2007] found that during the summer, high tropospheric ozone values in theeastern basin were confined in the low troposphere whereas in the middle troposphere O 3 was only5–10% higher than over Central Europe. Enhanced levels of NO 2 pollution over the last decade canbe detected by satellites (NO 2 , Figure 34, O 3 ) over East Mediterranean (Istanbul, Athens and Izmir)and over the Middle East, in particular around the main ports of the Persian Gulf, around the RedSea port of Jedda near Mecca, and around the cities of Riyadh, Cairo, and Tehran [Van <strong>No</strong>ije et al.,2006, Lelieveled et al., 2008; Vrekoussis et al., 2009].Figure 34 - (left) SCIAMACHY Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) of NO2 over the eastern Mediterranean basin gridded to0.125x0.125 o . (right) Annual mean changes in the vertical tropospheric column density (VCD) of NO2 over the EastMediterranean from 2003 to 2007 in molecules NO2 . cm -2. y -1 as derived from SCIAMACHY observations[Vrekoussis et al., 2009; © IUP, University of Bremen]Airborne particulate matter - The Mediterranean is one of the areas with the highest aerosoloptical depth (AOD) in the world, which can be seen by satellites [Hatziannastassiou et al., 2009].Observations over the area show high concentrations of aerosols, both PM 10 and PM 2.5 [Querol etal., 2009]. Chemistry-transport models successfully simulate the occurrence of high loadings ofaerosols over remote locations in the Mediterranean [Gangoiti et al., 2006; Kallos et al., 2007;Kanakidou et al., 2007]. In the Mediterranean, PM 10 has a similar seasonal behaviour than PM 2.5 ,which is marked by dust emission and transport, particularly in spring and fall in the eastern basinand in February-March and late spring-summer in the western basin (especially at regionalbackground sites), whereas PM 1 behaves differently [Gerasopoulos et al., 2007; Koçak et al., 2007;232
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPESaliba et al., 2007]. Mineral dust transport events that occur episodically over the area are a majorcontributor (more than 40%) to the PM 10 exceedances of the EU limit of 50 µg m -3 [Koçak et al.,2007; Gerasopoulos et al., 2006b; Mitsakou et al., 2008]. This is also observed by lidar [Papayanniset al., 2008], sun photometer [Fotiadis et al., 2007] networks, and satellite observations[Papayannis et al., 2005; Kalivitis et al., 2007]. Re-suspension of dust is likewise a significantcomponent of aerosols in the cities [Rodriguez et al., 2004]. In industrial and urban areas, mostexceedances (around 70-80%) are due almost exclusively to local anthropogenic sources [Querolet al., 2009].In the eastern basin the fine aerosol fraction (
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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The second lead authors meeting was
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONatmospheric
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThe impact
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONEquations 1
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThere is a
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONFigure 8 -
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLow-income
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION1.5 SCIENTI
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONthese aeros
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONFigure 16:
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONReferencesA
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLeibensperg
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICACoordinating auth
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 3 displays
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAabout 2,000 mm pe
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 5 - NO2 me
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAIn West-African c
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAratios in Bamako
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAAs shown in Figur
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAof the city of Jo
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAlow smoke coal wa
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcompleted, their
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAepidemiological d
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAPopulationGrowthR
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcycle with levels
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcomparable to tho
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFavez, O., Sciare
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICASeagrave, J., McD
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe bottom-up and t
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 2 - (a) CO e
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand Kim Oanh, 2002]
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 4 - Annual a
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmaintenance program
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAnearly half of the
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIARelationships of th
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 12 - Graphic
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAnother significant
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand international),
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 17 - (a) Var
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions inventory
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAir Quality Index r
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIA• Strict restrict
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAis due the ban of l
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAvailability of air
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 26 - Box plo
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAResearch projects o
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmonitoring stations
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIApreliminary stage.
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 8 - National
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAControl strategiesA
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAMetro Manila Air Qu
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmoves inland and O
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAHong Kong and Macau
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 39 - A 52-ye
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAClimatic change iss
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission sources of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAIn the case of PM 1
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAdue to yellow sand
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission inventorie
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAatmosphere, which i
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions of NO X f
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 58 - Annuall
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe predominance of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAthe negative health
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAsrari, E., Ghole,
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAGuo H, Fine AJ, So
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIALi L., Chen C.H., H
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAPollution Control D
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAYu JZ, Tung JWT, Wu
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAand human
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.1.2 Emis
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICATable 4 -
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAemissions
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthird moun
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4.3 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINACHAPTER
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAless than
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICApart of Sa
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAThe Nation
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.7 SÃO P
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAhydrocarbo
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthat such
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICACorvalán,
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICALongo, K.
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICARomero Lan
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICACoordinati
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAstories fo
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAthat impro
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICA5.2 THE US
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CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICAcontributi
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CHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW OF INTERNATION
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CHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW OF INTERNATION
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKi
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKT
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKs
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKr
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKM
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LIST OF RECENT GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WA
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141. Report of the LAP/COST/WMO Int
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185. Guidelines for the Measurement
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GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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