GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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CHAPTER 6 - EUROPE2007; Andersson et al., 2007]. Harmonized regulations within the European Community are aimingat further improvement of air quality in Europe (e.g. air quality directive 2008/50/EC and theemission ceiling directives). Major problems within urban agglomerations remain with respect toozone, which can still exceed 300 µg/m 3 during summer conditions (e.g. in 2003 and 2006), to PM 10 ,which still exceeds the 24h average limit value of 50 µg/m 3 more than 35 times in a calendar year,and to NO 2 which still has a tendency to increase and exceeds the annual limit value of 40 µg/m 3considerably, especially in street canyons.Nearby metropolitan areas are London, Paris, and Frankfurt. Due to atmospheric transportprocesses, the air quality in the Benelux/Rhine-Ruhr area might be influenced from the transport ofpollutants from Paris, London, and/or Frankfurt depending on atmospheric conditions. In particular,compounds formed during transport or with a long lifetime might contribute from outside to the airquality within Benelux/Rhine-Ruhr. On the other hand compounds emitted withinBenelux/Rhine-Ruhr might contribute considerably to air pollution outside this hot spot due tolong-lived primary constituents as well as secondary formed air pollutants such as aerosols orozone. Therefore it is interesting to investigate the import/export budgets for air pollutants underdifferent meteorological conditions relevant for the area considered.Meteorological features in Central Europe are characterized by predominant westerly flow,and, therefore, quite often, clean air is transported with moderate or high wind speeds from theAtlantic towards the Benelux/Rhine-Ruhr area. Meteorological patterns leading to air qualityproblems often are related to high pressure systems over Central Europe. Anticyclone conditions,due to low wind speeds, favour the accumulation of primary emitted gases or particulate matter, inparticular during winter or fall with limited vertical exchange (temperature inversions). Temperaturesmay reach 40 ◦ C during summer, as for example during the summer heat wave in August 2003 or inJuly 2006 summer smog conditions [Vautard et al., 2006]. Episodes with high particleconcentrations during winter or fall are quite often correlated with easterly winds over CentralEurope leading to transport of polluted air masses towards areas located west ofBenelux/Rhine-Ruhr. This can cause additional impact from Benelux/Rhine-Ruhr to France and/orthe UK. The quite high ship emissions in interaction with specific meteorological (or other)conditions in coastal areas (e.g. land-sea breeze, boundary layer height, deposition, sea spray)may lead to particular events with respect to air quality. Other large-scale factors, which mightinfluence the air quality in Central Europe, include transport of dust from the Sahara desert[Bruckmann et al., 2008] and from the Ukraine by resuspended soil from dried-out farmlands [Birmiliet al., 2008].6.5.2 Overview of emission estimatesThe Benelux/area is heavily burdened with air pollutants like ozone, NO 2, and PM 10 . Inaddition, large amounts of ammonia, an important gaseous precursor for secondary particlesformation, are emitted in areas of the Benelux/NRW regions that are characterized by agriculturaluse. Table 3a shows the emissions for the Benelux/NRW area for 2004 as a reference year.Emission density in the area is about twice as high as the German average, similar to the populationdensity. Table 3b shows the emission trends based on EMEP data from 1980 till 2020. Figure 21shows as an example the nitrogen oxide emissions for the region [Thiruchittampalam et al., 2008].The metropolitan areas Randstadt (Amsterdam, Rotterdam), Brussels-Antwerp and Rhine-Ruhr areclearly visible as well as the strongly burdened cities of London and Paris. The relations between1980 and 2004, upper part of Table 3b, show the considerable success of the efforts to decreaseemissions in the Benelux area (and Europe) during the last decades. In particular sulphur emissionshave been diminished considerably. Future emission abatement strategies are assumed to besuccessful with respect to NO X , SO X , CO, PM 10 and NMVOC but not for NH 3 , 95% of which is due toagricultural activities.216
CHAPTER 6 - EUROPEFigure 21 - NOX emissions in Central Europe, including the Benelux-Rhine-Ruhr area. Ship emissions are not included onthis scale, but they contribute considerably to emissions in the domain shown here [Thiruchittampalam et al., 2008]Table 3a - Area, population and annual emissions for the Benelux/NRW/Rhine-Ruhr area. Emission data for the Benelux andGermany are for the year 2004 and based on EMEP (www.emep.int), expert emissions as used in EMEP models (Vestreng,2006a; W-06emis04-V7 (2006-08-29), emission data for NRW are taken from the LANUV web site (www.lanuv.nrw.de)Year: 2004Area(km2)Population(Mill.)NOX(kt as NO2)SO2(kt as SO2)CO(kt)NMVOC(kt)Netherlands 41.526 16,50 360,00 66,00 623,00 216,00 134,00 41,00Belgium 30.528 10,70 298,00 154,00 972,00 167,00 74,00 62,00Luxembourg 2.586 0,50 29,00 4,00 48,00 10,00 7,00 4,00Benelux 74.640 27,70 687,00 224,00 1.643,00 393,00 215,00 107,00NH3(kt)PM10(kt)NRW 34.084 18,00 418,00 167,00 1.506,00 273,00 73,00 32,00Benelux/NRW 108.724 45,70 1.105,00 391,00 3.149,00 666,00 288,00 139,00E/P-density (to/km2) 420,33 10,16 3,60 28,96 6,13 2,65 1,28Germany 357.104 82,00 1.554,00 559,00 4.095,00 1.268,00 641,00 173,00E/P-density (to/km2) 229,62 4,35 1,57 11,47 3,55 1,79 0,48Benelux+NRW/GER 1,83 2,34 2,30 2,53 1,73 1,48 2,64217
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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The second lead authors meeting was
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONatmospheric
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThe impact
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONEquations 1
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONThere is a
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONFigure 8 -
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLow-income
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION1.5 SCIENTI
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONthese aeros
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONFigure 16:
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONReferencesA
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONLeibensperg
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICACoordinating auth
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 3 displays
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAabout 2,000 mm pe
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFigure 5 - NO2 me
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAIn West-African c
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAratios in Bamako
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAAs shown in Figur
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAof the city of Jo
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAlow smoke coal wa
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcompleted, their
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAepidemiological d
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAPopulationGrowthR
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcycle with levels
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAcomparable to tho
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICAFavez, O., Sciare
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CHAPTER 2 - AFRICASeagrave, J., McD
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe bottom-up and t
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 2 - (a) CO e
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand Kim Oanh, 2002]
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 4 - Annual a
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmaintenance program
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAnearly half of the
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIARelationships of th
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 12 - Graphic
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAnother significant
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAand international),
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 17 - (a) Var
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions inventory
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAir Quality Index r
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIA• Strict restrict
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAis due the ban of l
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAvailability of air
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 26 - Box plo
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAResearch projects o
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmonitoring stations
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIApreliminary stage.
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 8 - National
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAControl strategiesA
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAMetro Manila Air Qu
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAmoves inland and O
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAHong Kong and Macau
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 39 - A 52-ye
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAClimatic change iss
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission sources of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAIn the case of PM 1
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAdue to yellow sand
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmission inventorie
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAatmosphere, which i
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAEmissions of NO X f
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAFigure 58 - Annuall
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAThe predominance of
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAthe negative health
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAAsrari, E., Ghole,
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAGuo H, Fine AJ, So
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIALi L., Chen C.H., H
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAPollution Control D
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CHAPTER 3 - ASIAYu JZ, Tung JWT, Wu
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAand human
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.1.2 Emis
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICATable 4 -
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAemissions
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthird moun
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4.3 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINACHAPTER
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAless than
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICApart of Sa
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAThe Nation
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA4.7 SÃO P
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAhydrocarbo
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CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICAthat such
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CHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW OF INTERNATION
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7.9 PRIDE-PRDCHAPTER 7 - OVERVIEW O
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKi
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKa
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKT
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKs
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKr
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CHAPTER 8 - KEY ISSUES AND OUTLOOKM
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LIST OF RECENT GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WA
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141. Report of the LAP/COST/WMO Int
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185. Guidelines for the Measurement
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GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

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