GAW Report No. 205 - IGAC Project

CHAPTER 3 - ASIATable 2 also lists the area, latitude, and longitude of each city. One has to keep in mind thatthe definition of the area of each city may vary greatly as some estimation are based onadministrative borders and others are based on the urban area.Table 2 - Twelve Asian megacities reported in this chapter. The source of information can be found in the sectionof each megacity in this chapterMegacity CountryPopulation Area (km 2 )[Million] (year) (urban area)Latitude LongitudeBangkok Thailand [10.1] (2007) 7762 13°45’ 100°35’Beijing China [16.3] (2008) 16808(735) 39°54’ 116°24’Delhi India [16] (2007) 900 28°36’ 77°13’Dhaka Bangladesh [13] 23º76´ 90º38´Hong Kong China [6.98] 1104 22º15‘ 114º10‘Jakarta Indonesia [8.7] (2005) 661 6 o 12’ S 106 o 48’Manila Philippines [11.56] (2007) 636 14 o 34’ 120 o 58’Osaka-Kansai Japan [22.7] (2008) 34.67° 135.53°Pearl River Delta China [47.9] (2009) 4170 21 ° 17´–23 ° 56´111 ° 59´–115 ° 25´Seoul Korea [23.9] (2008) 37° 33’ 126° 58’Shanghai China [19.2] (2009) 6341 30 o 40’ 31 o 53’Tokyo Japan [12.9] 35.69° 159.69°EmissionFigure 2 shows the emissions of CO, NO X , and SO 2 in Asia for the year 2000 based on theEDGARv3.2 FT2000 database, reflecting fossil fuel based energy consumption. The bottom-up andtop-down methods may also have large differences in emission data, especially in Asia where theemission inventories are constantly changing due to dynamic economic development. However, thelarge spatial variations of CO, NO X , and SO 2 emissions are clearly associated with the high diversityand inhomogeneity of the population density.Asia is also highly diversified and inhomogeneous in its economical development stages.Tokyo and Osaka-Kobe are well-developed megacities, while the rest of megacities in Asian are stillin the developing stage. This is an important factor when determining how pollution is generatedand controlled in the megacities.In the well-developed megacities, such as Tokyo, the sources of air pollutants andgreenhouse gases (GHGs) are dominated by the vehicle emissions, whereas in the developingmegacities, biomasses burning from agriculture waste and forest fires are also important sources tolocal air pollution.One unique source of air pollution to the East Asian megacities is dust and sand storm (DSS)that originate in the Mongolia desert and Gobi area every spring. The air quality in megacities likeBeijing, Seoul, and Tokyo is frequently deteriorated due to DSS.61